Teenage love Essay Example for Free

Teenage love Essay Do teenagers today have their priorities in the correct order when it comes to dating? More and more often, it does not seem they do. Some teenagers these days spend too much time focusing on their romantic relationships instead of the things that should be more important. Teenagers who are in serious relationships do not care as much about school, their families, or their jobs. These teenagers seem to forget everything that should be important to them. School should be a very important priority for teenagers. In high school, teachers try to prepare young people for what lies ahead in life. That includes going off to college and entering the working world. But many teenagers in serious relationships begin putting off doing their homework and studying for tests. Their grades begin to drop, and sooner than they know it, they are failing their classes. Most times when these lovesick teenagers begin failing, they do not care. In some cases the teenagers even drop out. In todays world it is nearly impossible  Ã‚  middle of paper  nship without getting my priorities mixed up. So for the people who say it is impossible to do all of these things, I know from personal experience that it is not. I am not saying that it is wrong to date as a teenager. Just remember what is important. The teenage years are to be used as a time to grow and experience new things, but not at the expense of what is important in life. Just keep a level head and do not get too involved with that significant other right now. It is important to remember what it important in life.

The Origins Of The Modern World History Essay

The Origins Of The Modern World History Essay Wonderful synthesis of recent scholarship on Rise of the West literature with an economic and ecological focus. Uses Global Historical Context to address most issues addressed in the Modern World History course. Use as: Teacher background Use isolated quotes/ chapters for all levels Review book at end of AP curriculum for review Questions raised: How did industry and European-style countries called nation-states-rather than highly developed agrarian empires like China and India-come to define our world? How has the gap between rich and poor increased? How and why have European ways of organizing the world come to dominate the globe? Was the Rise of the West a temporary blip? Scope: Global look (but especially Europe, China and India) 1400 -1900 Chapter by chapter breakdown: Intro In the space of just 200 years, the world has seen a great reversal of fortune: where once Asians held most of the economic cards, today it is primarily Western countries and Japan. (p. 2) Concepts addressed/ introduced in chapter: Globalization Enlightenment Communism Nation-states French Revolution Weber-Protestant work ethic Disease Industrial Revolution modernization Exploration/ Encounter Progress History Colonialism Renaissance Capitalism Slavery Modes of Historical Inquiry Comparative units of analysis Definition of Eurocentrism State legitimacy Concept of Pentimento (p. 8) Ecological analysis Historical inquiry multiple causality (contingent, accidents, and conjunctures) Chapter 1 Material and Trading Worlds Circa 1400 The Chinese, for example, had a long history of contact with these kinds of people [nomads], and in fact had come to classify them into two groups the cooked, those willing to accept some of the trappings of Chinese civilization, and the raw, those who ere not. Concepts addressed in chapter: Birth of civilization Nomadic interchange Agricultural revolution Peasants Biological Old regime Cooked and Raw World systems wildlife population impact on Lebensraum Largest urban areas Peasant revolts (comp. Pugachev, Taiping, Japan, France) Bigger Questions: Role of Population growth and decline Existence of polycentric world system Chapter 2 Starting with China During those 1100 years [650 1750], the Indian Ocean was arguably the single most important crossroads of trade and generator of merchant wealth in the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p. 49) After European introduction of armed tradeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ there were responses. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ some Asian rulers of coastal trading cities responded by walling their territories and purchasing their own cannons and gunsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. In Achehà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the Islamic ruler in the early 1500s built a formidable navy for the dual purpose of running the Portuguese blockade and capturing their ships and arms. Later, in the 1500s, through its contacts with the Ottoman empire, Acheh imported several large and well-made Ottoman guns, sufficient not just to defend themselves from the Portuguese, but to threaten Portuguese-controlled Malacca. Portuguese armed trading may have altered much in the Indian Ocean, but dar-al-Islam continued to limit what Europeans could and could not do in the world. (p. 63) Concepts addressed in chapter: Chinese history Indian textiles Zheng He Slavery Confucius Mongols Indian Ocean trade Crusades Origins and Spread of Islam Feudalism/ serfs Ibn Battuta 100 years war Islamic empires Reconquista Role of Constantinople Spice trade West African empires: Ghana, Mali Mediterranean trade (Venice/ Genoa) African gold- Mansa Musa Portuguese/ Spanish exploration East Africa Increase of armed trade in I.O. Chapter 3 Empires, States, and the New World, 1500- 1775 Where previously there had been several worlds in the world-the Chinese world, the Indian Ocean world, the Mediterranean world, and the Americas, as yet unknown to Europeans, Asians, or Europeans-after 1500 two new links drew the entire globe into a single world for the first time. (1492 and 1571) ..the first globalization (p. 67) By 1700, then, England had a government that, in the words of one British historian, was prepared to subordinate all foreign policy to economic ends.' (p. 88) In 1775, Asia produced about 80% of everything in the world, probably an increase from 1500. In other words, two-thirds of the worlds population-Asians-produced four-fifths of the worlds goods. Seen from another perspective, Europeans, at one-fifth of the worlds population in 1775, shared production of one-fifth of the worlds goods with Africans and Americans. Asia thus had the most productive economies in the three centuries after 1500. (p. 81) Concepts addressed in chapter: Imperial expansion Russia (4x), China(2x), Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Decreased nomadic influence Aztec (25 m.) and Incan (16 m) empires (strengths and weaknesses) Arrival and impact of Cortez and Pizarro Columbian Exchange Disease Forced labor Silver mining Potosi, Chinese demand, Spanish Armada Textiles New World economy: Plantation system, increase of slavery, sugar State-building (wars, competition, debt, expulsions, Inquisition, Enlightenment) Mercantalism 7 years war/ French Indian wars = the first world war? Chapter 4 The Industrial Revolution and its Consequences, 1750 -1850 Indeed, India around 1700 was the largest exporter of cotton textiles in the world and supplied textiles not just to meet English demand, but throughout the world as well. Southeast Asia, east and west Africa, the Middle East, and Europe were major export markets, in addition to the large domestic Indian market. No wonder that the demand for Indian cotton in the eighteenth century was greater than all the weavers in the country can maunfacture and that India accounted for fully one quarter of the world manufacturing output in 1750. (pp. 96- 97) It was as if the British had subjugated the Indian peninsula simply in order to use its resources against China. (p. 117) Concepts addressed in chapter: Use of coal to replace wind, water animal power Cotton textiles-cost of food not labor is what made textiles cheaper Increased protectionism by E. Role of VOC and EIC Battle of Plassey/ Clive > India Use of slave markets in Americas for cheap textiles Demographic changes in China Role of gender in textile industry in China (107) Tea Opium Wars Use of iron and steam Chapter 5 By 1900, India accounts for barely 2% of world manufacturing output, China about 7%, while Europe alone claims 60% and the United States 20%. (p. 123) Without opium à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ there probably would have been no British empire. (p. 130) Concepts addressed in chapter: De-industrialization/ ruralization of India Industrialization of Br, Fr, Ger, US, Russia and Japan Recessions Social consequences of Industrialization factories and work women and families resistance and revolution (Communist Manifesto) Nationalism (nations- French Rev) state legitimacy Tools of empire in Africa and China (Maxim gun, quinineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Taiping Rebellion (20 m.) Japans imperialism Spanish American war Ecological trends Deforestation- India, Latin America El Nino famines (p. 148) HOW DOES THIS WORK?) Social Darwinism, racism justifies the success -> genocides Conclusion interactions among various parts of the world account for most of the story of the making of the modern world, not the cultural achievements of any one part. Indeed those achievements are not understandable except in a global context. The whole-in this case the world and its modern history-thus is greater than the sum of its parts. (p . 155) It seems to me that pentimento is an apt metaphor for exploring the patterns of change and continuity in world history. If we think of the pattern of world history being composed of two primary layers, the first is a picture of a world in which Asia shines most brightly, as it did from 1400 to about 1800. That picture, though, was covered up over the past two hundred years by a new one depicting the rise of the west. Now though that second painting is beginning to fade and elements of the first one-the wealth and power of Asia are again beginning to show through, reasserting some of the worlds previous patterns, though in new contexts and with important variations. (p. 159) Concepts addressed in chapter: 20th century developments wars, depression, technological developments, decolonization role of international organizations Idea of pentimentoChange and continuity Sequel: Story of resistance to Modern World (p. 161) Critiques: 1900 stop but examples go beyond that year Time jumping within periods (ex. of peasant rebellions) China emphasis Redundancies Synthesis Dense for students?

How to Give a Good Presentation

How to Give a Good Presentation INTRODUCTION Oral presentation is a short talk where you show your knowledge on a particular subject and deliver an address to an audience. It is also the process of speaking to a group a people. Oral presentation skills can be learnt by anyone and these skills can help you deeply if you wish to perform well in the future. Most importantly, oral presentation can really help you to improve your social skills where you can enhance your self confidence and deal with any situation. Oral presentation also can heighten your academic and professional skills because it can be used in different ways and different stages or contexts especially in academic and business context. Furthermore, oral presentation will help to improve your leadership skills as you need to learn how to present yourself to audience. In a university or college, students are always required to give oral presentations in the classroom and during seminars. The ability to demonstrate effective oral presentations is very important to their further academic success. In order to become professional presenters, they need to enhance their academic and oral skills when preparing presentations. Ferris (1998) surveyed 683 foreigner English speaking undergraduates and postgraduates in an American university and the results show that 70% always, often or sometimes had problems in formal speech. Most students lack self-confidence to give oral academic presentations, especially for learner presenters. Therefore, the strategy students use in preparing presentations is very important. Oral presentation skills include topic choosing, effective visual aid, an appropriate speech opening and organization of presentation among other things. As graduate students need to give an oral presentation in the classroom and seminars, it is impo rtant to know that successful presentations depend on skills and strategies they use. In recent years, the English language has become the most important mode of communication in the world because English is spoken by more people than any other language. In order to sound educated and literate, people need to thoroughly study English. English is also usually used for communication in universities and colleges. Most lectures are conducted in English and the students need to be more involved in understanding English so that the learning process more effective. Therefore, with having proper English, the student can focus on their learning without being hindered by lack of communication skills. Nowadays, we must use proper English and good speech if we want to advance in the professional world. While working in any field, one has to be professional and studying English is important in order to gain a good career in your life. One has to attend training classes for English where one can learn more words to expand ones vocabulary. Having to learn more words makes you able to pronounce them with ease and that can make your communication and speech skills better. While studying English at school, college or university, it is impossible to get an A grade in English, in terms of communication, if you cannot speak the language. Spoken English is used in the best careers, the best universities, and is increasingly being used at job interviews. SPEAKING IN A FORMAL ACADEMIC CONTEXT Speaking within the academic context is becoming an important as teaching methods change to involve more joint projects and group marks. It is therefore important to try to be more aware of what is involved in seminar or group activity and to learn some of the interactional language that is used there. It is important to practice making presentations, taking part in discussions on academic topics and so on. As a university or college student, you are learning how to speak formally with your lecturers in the classroom. Learning how to speak in formal term can avoid miscommunication or misunderstanding. Moreover, understanding the characteristics of communication may also help you to become a better communicator in your college, personal life and professional career. Below are the dos and donts in a speaking in a formal academic context; Dos: Speak in a proper English Speak loudly and clearly. Sound confident. Speak slowly to get understanding and respect for what you are saying To make your audience feel involved, use your eye contact and body language Donts: Dont speak in broken English Dont mumble and sound not confident Dont read word by word from your text Dont waste your audiences time by speaking about something which is not relevant to the topic Dont hide behind something and cause the audience not to be able to see you clearly As we understand, there are many definitions of communication. Carl Rogers (1952) defined communication as listening, understanding and interpreting the message; Elizabeth Tierney (1998) defined it as you deliver the message, audience receives, reacts and responds to your message; Julia Wood (2009) defined it as delivering a message through symbols to create and interpret data and Joseph Devito (2009) said that communication is a process where one person or more sends and receives message, distorted by noise, occur within a context, have some effect and provides for feedback. In summary, the definition of communication is the process by which information is exchanged between senders and receivers with the aim of achieving mutual understanding. In communication, there are three models which are; Linear Model Views communication as a straight line where communication process is only in one direction. Laswells (1948) designed communication using the one way process; Shannon and Weavers (1949) added noise as a component between senders and receivers. Interactive Model Schramm (1955) shows that there is still a sender, receiver, message and noise but receiver providing feedback to sender. Both take turns to speak and listen to each other especially in their field experiences. The third model communication however is the one that is most often used; Transactional Model Wood (2001), shows that the elements in communication are interdependent. When we look at people talking to each other, it is easy to see that while we do take turns, sometimes we talk simultaneously or we may talk to one another. David Worley (2008) said there is no time laps sending and receiving message in transactional model. People send and receive message simultaneously, act as senders and receivers at the same time at least two places at once. In the transactional model, two people communicate with multiple messages through what may be multiple channels and with parallel messages. As with other models, the messages may be distorted and the people may be distracted, resulting in misunderstanding that fuels and hinders the model. We often speak in a transactional way, where we exchange messages. In doing so we may also be exchanging values to one another, for example in a greeting where each person gives the other a sense of comfort through a defined transac tional ritual. The actual transaction can be highly dependent on context. For example the transactions between people at home is often quite different between those at work or on the street. The transactional character between teacher and student is worth noting. They influence each other. We have all had teachers that seem to treat us with disfavor. The result is that we may react negatively to being treated as such. Ironically, the negative responses reinforce the teachers original attitudes and expectation. This is also quite evident in children/parent relationships. Parenting is not based just on what parents think they should do. Children influence parents just as much as parents influence their children. Public speaking is the way of delivering a speech in front of an audience. Speaking in front of a group of people takes a lot of bravery and detailed preparation. To be a good public speaker one needs skills and strategies. Public speaking skills are the key to success in almost any profession. Public speaking skills are important not only in making professional presentations but also to build professional network. Whether it is small talk or academic presentation, the ability to present oneself effectively is a deciding factor of career related success in academics. With a few strategies, it is possible to reach the set goals respectively. To make the presentation effective, the presenter must consider a few elements and the most important element is the audience. You need to know your audiences characteristic and the diversity of the audience. It is very important to know your audience in delivering your speech. Before the speech, you will analyze your audience more than while you are actually presenting the speech (Grice Skinner, 2007). The types of information needed in audience analysis are stated as below; Age to consider the age range because there is a need to use information that is familiar to the listeners; Gender men and women share a broad range of experiences and different socialization, topic can be made relevant to both genders; Education the audience has a variety of educational backgrounds and it is can affect the topic chosen to spoken about and how to approach the topic; Professional the audience has a variety of professional backgrounds. Needs to know the job requirement for each employee and not confuse a topic with a professional function; Level of Knowledge and Experience the presenter must know the knowledge and experience level of the audience so that the presenter can better focus on the presentation and deliver information using the right level of detail. Languages It is an important medium of exchange between presenter and audience. Do not talk down to the audience and avoid oversimplifying the examples. The choice of language will either benefit or interrupt learning. If the latter occurs it could obstruct the interaction between you and an audience (Garmston Wellman, 1992). PREPARING AN ORAL PRESENTATION Delivering an effective oral presentation needs good preparation. Preparing for an oral presentation is as important as delivering the presentation. If your preparation is not good enough, your goal for your message to be clear, organized and well thought out cannot be achieved. In order to prepare an oral presentation, you need to; Choose a topic that you are understand and are familiar with and your audience can easily understand. Study your topic and use other sources such as internet, books, articles and experts to enhance your presentation. The topic should be interesting, easy to search and locate reliable sources. Verify the purpose of presentation because oral presentation has so many topics and varies. It is depends on the message that you will deliver. Analyze the audience and know their expectations. Think about their age, values, gender, education and knowledge level. Structuring your presentation structure your presentation by giving an introduction, main ideas and conclusion. Structuring your presentation can avoid confusion and frustration to the audience. Introduction inform your topic and explain to the audience what your presentation will cover. Provide an outline of the main points. You also can provide any necessary background to make your presentation more interesting. A good introduction will capture an audience attention. Main ideas/content develop your main points and give an example and evidence. Make sure that your information is well-structured and provide clear connections between main points, explanations and examples. Conclusion summarise your main points and do not give any new information in the conclusion. Restate the main points to show that you have covered all the points and achieved your aim to deliver the message effectively. Invite the audience to questions and re-answer the question. Organize the topics information and your material, write a draft and summarise it in card notes. You must be able to understand your card notes in order to deliver them to an audience. Make your card notes easy to see and read. Use your card notes as a guide to help you remember what needs to be said. Think about the length of time you have to speak and the amount of information you can include. Plan and prepare your visual aids. Learn the use of Powerpoint well before your presentation. Do the simple visual aids and do not confuse your audience with unnecessary use of animation, sound clips or colors which are not connected to your topic. Examples; Your visual aids should help the audience understand the topic better. Rehearse your presentation in an environment that is similar to where you will be giving your presentation and get its length right. Practice in front of your friends or family and use your visual aids. You also can tape yourself so that you can identify your areas of weakness and improve on it. Practice and time your presentation by using a stopwatch in order to make sure that your presentation does not exceed the time limit or is too short. MAKING AN EFFECTIVE ORAL PRESENTATION Making an effective oral presentation involves focusing on the needs of your audience, careful planning and good delivery of your speech. An important step when you give your presentation is how you introduce or begin your topic of presentation. The introduction is important because it is used to lure audience to listening to what you have to say. The purpose is to catch the attention of your audience. Make your introduction as brief as possible because long introductions tend to bore the audience. The main aim of speech introduction is to introducing speech topic and its purpose. Begin your introduction speech with the following; Greet your audience with a sincere smile. It should start with a courtesy greeting such as good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Introduce your name again even though you are already been introduced. Saying your name personalizes things and affords you some time to focus your thoughts on your speech. The first line must contain information about you. Ask the audience a rhetorical question. Do not expect it to be answered by your audience. Actually you use the question to set the outline for your speech. You give an answer and then build the interest. Make a very controversial statement. Start your speech by telling the audience something that they do not know. It can be an interesting statistic or a controversial idea. Provoking the thoughts of the audience will keep them interested to hear your upcoming speech. Give a definition of an expert to enhance your credibility. You also can use definitions from dictionaries or other authoritative sources. If you use this technique make sure you find an interesting definition and deliver it with impact. Ask a proactive question which allows the audience to become part of the speech. You are sure of grabbing their attention with a question especially if it is related to the subject matter of the presentation. Starting your speech with a question helps to engage your audience mentally as they will seek to find answers to the question you asked even if you do not specifically request a response from them. In your presentation, when presenting the content or the middle of your speech, you need to respect your audiences aptitude for facts, figures and data without patronizing the audience with gimmicks. You need to deliver the information they want to hear such as the definition of terms, describing the situation, facts, figure, references or examples. Concluding speeches are also very important in your oral presentation. A good conclusion sensibly reinforces your ideas and enhances your speech. You can conclude your speech by a restatement of your speech, summarize main points in a brief and concise manner and use references but do not use the same device in the conclusion. When you are presenting in front of your audience, it is very important to know how you are being perceived. Below are the tips on how to make your presentation more effective; Body Language adopt a confident posture. Walk confidently to the stage for your speech. Standing, walking or moving around with arms relaxed at the side Appearance Dress professionally depending on where you are presenting. Be aware of your dress according to the dress code of society who will be your audience. Dress nicely and groom yourself before make the presentation Voice speak in a loud, clear voice with correct pronunciation. Use standard language to make sure that your audience will understand clearly and deliver the message effectively. Adjust your voice accordingly to make sure that everyone can hear your speech. Avoid speaking too fast or continuously without pause. The pause can allow yourself and the audience time to reflect and think. CONCLUSION Oral presentation plays an important part in the assessment especially in the academic context. It is an effective tool to support your success in your future career. Oral presentation skills can enhance your confidence level to become a better communicator in college, personal life and professional career. To make sure that your oral presentation is effective, it is so important to plan the presentation with good preparation. Be well organized and confident of the content. Be aware of your body language when presenting your speech. Be an effective presenter by planning your speech, preparing good visual aids and understanding clearly all areas of the presentation.

Creating Text Essay -- Writing Technology Technological Papers

Creating Text The process of creating â€Å"text† without using technology appeared to be a simple task that would allow the students to be a creator of his or her unique technology free masterpiece. I just had to come up with a creative, natural way to write text instead of using modern technologies that society takes for granted. How hard and restrictive could this assignment be? I soon found out everything would not go exactly as planned. It took me two attempts and failures before I finally achieved some level of success. My first idea came to me while I was getting ready one morning. Why not use hair to create text! It is a natural part of the human body that is constantly growing, natural and indispensable. I could have taken hair, looped and knotted several clumps together to make letters and then placed those letters to spell out text on any surface. The hair would be portable but undoing the formed letters to create newly formed letters would have been time consuming and difficult. I have several friends who cut hair for a living and I could have easily had them give me hair they cut from their customers. I also attempted to ask my sister for her hair; she has dread locks which would have been easier to work with since they are so thick but she didn’t want to part with them for a homework assignment. The more I thought about this idea the more I realized how time consuming and unrealistic it would be. Using hair would be a creative way to develop text but I would need m ass quantities and lots of patience. My second idea came to me when I took a trip to the grocery store. I went to the produce section and circled around the stands looking for some piece of fruit or vegetable that ... ...gh the writing process can be revised, edited, and visually reviewed where speech is spur of the moment and final. Traditionalists often resisted writing and viewed the process as unnatural and untrustworthy (Dennis Baron 39). However, speech seems to demand more trust because the individual is exposing themselves to their audience which subjects them to high levels of criticism. Overall, this project has exposed the mechanics and technology involved in the writing process. Up until this point I put little thought or recognition into the process I use so widely on a regular basis. After the amount of time, energy, and thought that went in to my attempt to create â€Å"natural† writing mechanics and tools the frustration isn’t worth what seems to be a small victory. In the end the process of trying to think of something natural to create is unnatural.

Explication From Hamlet :: essays research papers

Assignment 1: Explication from Hamlet (1.3.111-137) (â€Å"My lord, he hath importuned me with love† †¦ [end of scene]. Ophelia and Polonius have a father-daughter discussion toward the end of Act 1 where Polonius, concerned father that he is, warns his daughter Ophelia of becoming too involved with Hamlet. This warning comes just as Laertes, brother and son, has bid farewell. Laertes has just warned Ophelia himself of getting involved with Hamlet—this is the first time the audience is alerted to the romance. What have we seen of Hamlet so far? He is deeply grieving his father’s death; he resents the rapid marriage of his uncle and mother bitterly; and he has been told of the ghost of his father. The plot is building faster than Claudius could say, â€Å"I do!† in these first few scenes, and I would imagine the first audience of Shakespeare’s play would have been absolutely gripped to see what it all will come to. Hamlet so far has been portrayed as passionate and earnest, but not necessarily mad. When he says to his mother, â€Å"Seems, Madam? I know not seems†¦Ã¢â‚¬  we are given the impression of a man who is who he is, without pretence or acting. We know little of Polonius so far except that he is a well meaning, good-natured, and for all appearances honourable servant of the king. This scene casts the first shadow of doubt upon Hamlet’s character. It is curious that Shakespeare warns Ophelia twice: once through Laertes, and once through Polonius. Reading Laertes’ speech we can see the perspective of an understanding, though cynical young man. He essentially says, â€Å"Be careful of Hamlet because he’s young and his passions are burning. When the passions die down he’ll realise his desire for you can’t be fulfilled by marriage because of political constraints, and you’ll be left behind, scandalised.† Both Laertes and Polonius recognise that Hamlet, being young and foolish, is also not subject to the same consequences of reckless behaviour as Ophelia: â€Å"with a larger tether may he walk.† But there are two main differences in what Polonius says and doesn’t saw: his warning lacks the political slant, and he attacks Hamlet’s integrity. Ophelia’s first protest to Polonius was that Hamlet had made his affections known to her â€Å"with love in honourable fashion,† and it is this statement that evoked Polonius’ response: â€Å"Ay, springes to catch woodcocks!† A springe is a type of trap or snare.

Imagination in Romantic Poetry Essay

A large part of those extracts on Romantic imagination – which are contained in the fascicule on pages D64 and D65 – are strictly related to an ancient theory about Art and Reality’s imitation, the Theory of Forms concieved by a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician Plato – in Greek: ÃŽ  ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¬Ãâ€žÃâ€°ÃŽ ½, Plà ¡tÃ… n, â€Å"broad†; from 424/423 BC to 348/347 BC. The Theory of Forms – in Greek: á ¼ °ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ – typically refers to the belief expressed by Socrates in some of Plato’s dialogues, that the material world as it seems to us is not the real world, but only an image or copy of the real world. Socrates spoke of forms in formulating a solution to the problem of universals. The forms, according to Socrates, are roughly speaking archetypes or abstract representations of the many types of things, and properties we feel and see around us, that can only be perceived by reason – in Greek: ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ® – that is, they are universals. In other words, Socrates sometimes seems to recognise two worlds: the Apparent world, which constantly changes, and an unchanging and unseen world of forms, which may be a cause of what is apparent. This theory is proposed in different ways in Blake’s, Coleridge’s Shelley’s extracts. The former says that â€Å"This world of Imagination is the world of Eternity† (A Vision of the Last Judgement, 1810) a place which resembles to a sort of otherworldly realm where â€Å"Exist [†¦] the Permanent Realities of Every Thing (the Form) which we see reflected in this Vegetable Glass of Nature (the Apparent world)†. A similar thing is exposed by Samuel Coleridge an english romantic poet who divides Imagination in Primary and Secondary. The former is â€Å"the living Power and prime Agent of all human Perception, and as a repetition in the finite mind of the eternal act of creation in the infinite†, the latter is an echo of the former who â€Å"diss olves, diffuses, dissipates, in order to re-create† (Biographia Literaria, 1817) a thing which is totally different from Fancy. Even in Shelley the poetry is presented as â€Å"something of divine [†¦] not like reasoning† (A Defence of Poetry, 1821) which beholds as the poet, the present, the past, and the future. In Keats and Wordsworth the poetry became â€Å"the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings [originating] from emotion recollected in tranquillity† (Preface to Lyrical Ballads) and the poet â€Å"the most unpoetical of any thing in existence; because he has no Identity† (A Letter to Richard Woodhouse, October 27th 1818). So Art is imitation, a feature of both of Plato’s theories. In the Republic, Plato says that art imitates the objects and events of ordinary life. In other words, a work of art is a copy of a copy of a Form. It is even more of an illusion than is ordinary experience. On this theory, works of art are at best entertainment, and at worst a delusion. This theory actually appears in Plato’s short early dialogue, the Ion. Socrates is questioning a poet named Ion, who recites Homer’s poetry brilliantly but is no good at reciting anything else. Socrates is puzzled by this; it seems to him that if Ion has an art, or skill, of reciting poetry he should be able to apply his skilled knowledge to other poets as well. He concludes that Ion doesn’t really possess skilled knowledge. Rather, when he recites Homer, he must be inspired by a god. The Ion drips with sarcasm. Plato didn’t take the â€Å"art by divine inspiration† theory very seriously. But many ancient, medieval, and modern artists and aestheticians have found it irresistible.

Animals and Birds Should Never Be Kept in Cages

â€Å"Animals and birds should never be kept in cages† A cage is defined as an enclosure used to confine or protect something. People nowadays keep animals in cages for entertainment and profit purposes. However, there are other reasons, such as the importance of preserving the species to ensure it does not go into extinction and giving people a chance to appreciate wildlife that is impossible to find in a modern city. Therefore, to a great extent I agree that animals and birds should be kept in cages. To begin with, caging animals and birds prevent them from going into extinction. By caging animals in enclosures that simulate their natural environments, these animals will not be vulnerable. They are allowed to roam around the space provided without their natural instinct to live in the â€Å"wild† being destroyed. By providing animals and birds food and proper medical care, their healths are taken care of. If we let the animals live in the wild untouched, they may be prone to contracting diseases. Not only that, they are more subjected to being hunted. Furthermore, animals are not evenly distributed around the world due to the differences in the habitats that they live in. These animals allow humans to appreciate wildlife more. Humans will be exposed to different types of species available including those that exist in natural abundance and those that are endangered. This increases their awareness about the wild. By portraying endangered species, humans may pay more attention to preserve them. This also helps to prevent animals from going into extinction. For instance, the White Tigers at the Singapore Zoological Garden are kept in enclosures that resemble their natural habitat. According to research, there are six subspecies of tigers left in the world and one of them is The White Tigers. On the flip side, some people may claim that caging the animals and birds is unethical as it deprives them of their freedom. However, I cannot agree to this statement. As I have stated, animals are kept in enclosures that are big enough for them to roam around. This does not deprive animals of their freedom. In conclusion, it is important to cage animals as it reaps benefits for both animals and humans. Indeed, it is my conviction that animals and birds should be kept in cages.