Essay Differences Between Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson

Differences Between Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinsons works have numerous differences. Compared to Dickinsons short and seemingly simple poems, Whitmans are long and often complex. Both pioneered their own unique style of writing. Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson both have been hailed as original and unique artists. They each have distinctive voices that many have attempted to replicate and have been unable to do so. Whitman wrote in epic like proportions; he developed his own rhythmic structure, creating complex lines and stanzas. Whitmans style of free verse become synonymous with his name and works, and helped distinguish him as a great American poet. By using free verse poetry, Whitman tore down†¦show more content†¦When the skipper cannot bear the tragic scene no more, and decides to save all the stricken passengers, Whitman uses a Biblical allusion to add a deeper meaning to the skippers heroic act. How he followd them and tackd with them three days and would not give it up, how he saved the drifting company at last (Whitman 1). The skippers strife to save the drifting passengers for three days is an allusion to the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. In the Bible, Jesus dies to save mankind from sin, and resurrects three days later. Whitman uses this Biblical allusion to bring the skipper up to the level of Jesus Christ, making the two saviors equal. As the skipper looks onward at the faces of the survivors, Whitman applies imagery to describe the passengers. How the silent old-faced infants and the lifted sick, and the sharp-lippd unshaved men (Whitman 1). The passengers that survive the ship wreck are no longer the same people that stepped foot on that ship. The image of old babies doesnt describe their age, but their sense of maturity, even though babies cannot be mature. Likewise, the image of the sharp-lippd unshaved men doesnt describe their lips and hair, but their burden of being unable to save their own families from the storm, even though that is the duty of a father. At first, it may seem as if the skipper is the sole hero in the poem, but that is not the case. Through Song of Myself, WhitmanShow MoreRelatedDeath, a Theme in Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman  ´s Poetry1145 Words   |  5 PagesWalt Whitman and Emily Dickinson’s poetry is very different; however death seems to be a familiar topic amongst both poets. Opposites attract, and you could say the same for Whitman and Dickinson because though they have different writing styles both repeatedly write about death. Once more, although both Whitman and Dickinson have many different feelings about death, they also share many similar feelings about it as well. Although Walt Whitmans poetry is rather long and quite simple and Emily DickinsonsRead MoreEmily Dickinson and Walt Whitman: Dissimilar Poets Establish Unique Writing Style1682 Words   |  7 PagesEmily Dickinson and Walt Whitman both were American poets who lived in the 19th century who strayed from the traditional style of writing poetry and formed their own individual style of writing which became the unique American style of poetry. Their lifestyles and writing styles were extremely different, as they shared litt le in common. The dissimilarities in these two poets are in the way they composed their poems and possibly in the content of the poems. Whitman established a unique style inRead More Dickinson vs Whitman Essay611 Words   |  3 PagesDickinson vs Whitman Two Poets, Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson are probably two of the most influential people in American poetry. They are regarded as the founders modern American poetry. Walt Whitman (1819-1892), for the time was breaking new ground with his diverse, energetic verse with regards to subject matter, form and style whether talking about overlooked objects in nature such as a single blade of grass or even our own hearing. Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) while living a life ofRead MoreEssay on Comparing Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson719 Words   |  3 PagesComparing Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson The lives of Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson have many similarities and differences. Here, we will focus on the similarities in their lives in order to bring to attention a correlation between Whitmans poem I Saw in Louisiana a Live-oak Growing and Dickinsons poem # 1510. Both poets wrote during the time of Romanticism, even though Whitman was Dickinsons senior by some eleven years. This however did not influence the way the writing stylesRead MoreAn Analysis Of Walt Whitman And Emily Dickinson1567 Words   |  7 Pageswith feathers that perches in the soul - and sings the tunes without the words - and never stops at all†? For starters, both are quotes from Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson, who are considered to be the greatest American poets in history. Whitman, who was born in 1819, wrote many poems and essays heavily influenced by transcendentalist writers, and Dickinson, who was born in 1830, also wrote several poems influenced by them, but was considered more of a Ro mantic writer. Nonetheless, their poems introducedRead MoreAn Inexplicable Nature of the American Identity Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pagesthe American identity means. Even when authors such as Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Emily Dickinson navigate the American identity, their ideas, although similar in many respects, offer various nuances and perspectives on the topic. By investigating the various idiosyncrasies of their language and the focus each emphasizes, the complexities of the American identity can truly be highlighted. In the case of linear movement, Whitman brings forth a distinct perspective of time as he disregardsRead MoreTranscendentalism, A Powerful Intellectual And Philosophical Movement1781 Words   |  8 Pagesintellectuals such as Frederick Douglass, Walt Whitman, and Emily Dickinson have adopted Emerson’s views on individuality and have expressed these ideals through their work. The spirit of individuality and self-reliance, key principles of Transcendentalism, are noted in Frederick Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Walt Whitman’s poem â€Å"Song of Myself† and Emily Dickinson’s poem â€Å"Nature (790).† Through their literary work, Douglass, Whitman, and Dickinson share commonalities and differingRead MoreThe Value Of Literature Courses1428 Words   |  6 Pagesfor adults to understand how to analyze and criticize longer works of any nature. It is important they build the ability to hold the attention and focus for this t ype of work as they will likely see it in the future. What - if any - differences do you notice between American literature and literature from other parts of the world? (This question is based on your observations. A stronger argument can be made if you write in third person.) Literature from around the world is different and reflectsRead MoreTranscendentalist Writers : The Transcendentalist Movement Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagestranscendentalist movement began, between 1820 and 1830, it was a retaliation against the modern concepts of religion and society that was prominent in the eastern region of the United States at the time. Writers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are the most well-known among transcendentalist writers, possibly because they served as an inspiration to many other writers. Together these transcendentalist writers, including Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, and many others, joined the movementRead MoreAnalysis of Poem 305 by Emily Dickinson1175 Words   |  5 Pages305 Reasons to Love Emily Dickinson Poem #305 The difference between Despair And Fear—is like the One Between the instant of a Wreck And when the Wreck has been— The Mind is smooth—no Motion— Contented as the Eye Upon the Forehead of a Bust— That knows—it cannot see— Dickinsons poetic accomplishment was recognized during her time, but never has she been more acclaimed than she is toady. Readers immediately discovered a poet of immense depth and stylistic complexity whose work

The Effects Of Incarceration On Children s Life - 803 Words

Incarceration on individuals can either have a negative or positive effect on the outcome of a person’s life. There are many different trails that people go through when they are incarcerated. Depending on their situations, it can either help change them for the better or take them backwards. The question is does being incarcerated affect recidivism? There are three reasons why incarceration is important. The first reason of incarceration is the purpose of punishing the offender. It is a way for the criminal justice system to punish individuals as a result of their consequences. Judges will incorporate a type of treatment and rehabilitation for the individual. Secondly, incarcerating will provide treatment for the offenders. The point of providing treatment is to manage the condition before entering an effective rehabilitation stage. Thirdly, rehabilitation will support in restoring the condition of the offender. While the individual will be under constant watch, it will make it easier to monitor the results of their behavior. It has been in debate whether or not longer sentences reduce or increase recidivism. There has been research that states longer sentences are capable of both increasing and reducing recidivism. The pros of long sentences will help people who need more time to adjust their behavior. The short sentences are able to provide quick treatment for individuals who realize their behavior has been inappropriate. Specific deterrence is a method of punishment inShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1365 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to a study by The Pew, more than 2.7 million children have an incarcerated parent. The following consequences are often underestimated and undetectable. Incarcerated parents are extremely detrimental to the well-being of the children involved. Minors involved with the arrest of their parents often suffer more complications than someone without an incarcerated parent. Foremost, these minors are more likely to have attention problems like Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) or Attention DeficitRead MoreSynthesis Essay- Juvenile Incarceration Into Adult Prisons1414 Words   |  6 Pages10/21/15 Pd.3 Synthesis Essay- Juvenile Incarceration into Adult Prisons Childhood is a time in which memories are created, adventures are explored and social awareness begins to develop. The events that occur during childhood are pivotal in the development of a healthy and substantial life. However, what if those experiences were taken from a child? What would the outcome be if a child could not experience what it is like to be young? Juvenile incarceration strips a person of their childhood andRead MoreThe Sentencing Policies For Crimes1357 Words   |  6 Pagessentencing policies for crimes, primarily drug crimes, in America, the effect this change would have in the poor communities were impossible to imagine. The policies which were changed to get tougher on drug crimes on the federal level followed with mass incarceration in the prison system. This was especially true with young African American males in largely poor communities. So these policies not only created a mass incarceration but also racially targeted certain race in America. These pro ceduresRead MoreAttachment Theory And Family Systems Theory Essay971 Words   |  4 PagesWhen a parent is incarcerated, we often think about the negative impacts that it leaves on the child. However, what is often overlooked are the negative effects that the incarceration of one partner can have on the attachment and parenting styles of both partners. When a father is incarcerated the mother becomes the primary caregiver, causing a stress. This stress often impacts the mother’s attachment with her child and the parenting style. Likewise, the father begins to feel a loss of control, lowerRead MoreThe Effects Of High Incarceration On The United States879 Words   |  4 PagesA. Societal Effects From Increasing Alienated Population The vast societal effects from mass incarceration have caused an increasingly alienated population to form in the U.S., which can be broadly classified in the dual areas of lasting effects and impacts to the family unit. First, the lasting effects of high incarceration rates are that they impact the rights of the convict, particularly African Americans. For example, noted civil rights attorney Michelle Alexander posits that the longRead MoreAmerica Should Not Afford For Nonviolent Criminals Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagesexcellent alternative to the high cost of incarceration while shifting the financial burden to the offender. The costs of incarceration continue to rise. In 2013, a three-year prison sentence cost over $37,000 according to the New York Times, while a probation sentence would have cost only $6,770 (Sowell). In other words, incarceration costs taxpayers thirty-three dollars and seventy-nine cents a day for each offender. However, for fiscal year 2014-2015, incarceration costs were seventy-three dollars andRead MoreThe Impact Of Mass Incarceration On African Americans1019 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican youth will experience a parent’s incarceration. Research has shown that children of incarcerated parents experience emotional problems, socioeconomic problems, and cognitive disturbances (Miller, 2007). In this paper, I will discuss the impact of mass incarceration in the African American community and its effect on African American children. Incidence and Prevalence Until the 1970’s America was on par with Germany and France in incarceration rates (Campbell, Vogel, Williams, 2015) Read MoreThe War On Drugs And Mass Incarceration Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The War on Drugs and Mass Incarceration have been two very well-known topics of society. While these have taken place during the Cold War, there is still a continuance in them today. The impact that has been left on society from these issues have stuck around, while mass incarceration is still of talk today. War on Drugs The War on Drugs not only has many acts that have been in place due to it, but there has been a domino effect with other topics. The War on Drugs has become a complicatedRead MoreThe Importance Of Family Bonds And Support995 Words   |  4 Pagessystem affects children by at staggering rates in our country. Although not every prisoner has children, one can assume that half of the nation’s prisoners have at least one child. This simple deduction would leave 3,425,000 with an incarcerated parent. During childhood, the impact a parent has on a child’s emotional and mental shapes their daily lives. When a child faces life with an incarcerated parent, they face separation for a period of months to years. Given the amount of children affected byRead MoreRace, Incarceration, And American Values Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesChris Brown 11/10/2016 Anth 1100 Megan Tucker Race, Incarceration, and American Values Race, Incarceration and American Values explains how incarceration is a legalized form of genocide that is slowly destroying the fiber of African American communities. Glenn Loury, along with Pamela Karian, Tommie Shelby and Loic Wacquant discuss how America has let fear and greed cause a inequitable landscape for its inhabitants who have unfortunately been born on the wrong side of the hill. The principals of

Obtaining Evidence Abroad in Criminal Cases

Question: Discuss the sources of English and European law, their espective features and how they operate. Explain the role of judges, and the courts and the legal profession. Describe the relationship between the evolution of law and societys morals, values and attitudes. Answer: The world experiences various criminal cases from day to day basis and the authorities have to deal with them. It is the duty of the police to arrest the convicted criminals or respond to any arising issues happening from time to time. The individuals after being arrested are arraigned in court so as to be prosecuted for their mistakes. However, there are criminal individuals who end up not getting caught and continue terrorizing the people from time to time. The police need to use all the resources they have to maintain law and order. The civilians need to be protected and they should also alert the authorities on any issues that are happening. The help of the people helps the police to curb criminal activities yet to happen or that are scheduled to happen at a particular place or time. In addition to that, the judges play a significant role in ensuring that justice is attained to the persons who are the victims of the criminal activities. They ensure that all the people are treated fairly by coming with a fair judgment. The magistrate court in the city was hearing the criminal cases and had to follow up the proceedings. There were a number of cases that had to be heard that day and they were about the criminal issues that had been reported. The location of the court was well built and various developments had been done in the city. The government had also scheduled funds to upgrade the court and also its facilities. The court had been structured and various innovations done to make it more modern. There will be a potential impact on the cases being heard and it includes the judgment that will be said by the judge. The ruling of the judge will be final unless on other issues that the persons need to appeal if they are not satisfied. There are individuals who are not contented and always need another final ruling by the judges. The presiding judge is a highly qualified individual and has experience on various criminal cases. He graduated from law school and has spent his entire time dealing with vario us cases that area arraigned in court (Herring, 2014). On the other hand, the jury was also present at the court and is responsible in giving a verdict depending on the evidence presented. Moreover, there were other visitors present to hear the proceedings and many of them were the relatives of the individuals sued at the court. The people need to hear the ruling of their friends and relatives so as to know what next for them. The cases had been well arranged and the individuals had to appear as their names were called out. The substantial evidence regarding the cases must be presented for the judge to make a clear final ruling. However, without the evidences there would be no case and the court requires it for the hearing to be fair. After all the people had settled the hearing of the cases had to begin. First of all, the first case regarding robbery was called out and the defendants were brought in to answer the case. The individual was accused of robbing a bank and had been captured on the camera. The criminal was in the company of other persons but were not clearly captured on the camera unlike him. He was accused of stealing money in the bank and also shooting the civilians who were present in the bank at that time. It was the sentencing of the case and the judge had to give the final rule. The witnesses had been presented and were ready to state what they had seen that day. The defendant denied the accusations presented before him at the court and the judge has to call the witnesses. They stated what happened that day and also presented the video clips that some people had captured with their smartphones. It was clearly seen that the individual was present at the bank and he carried out the attack and robbed money. The judge was satisfied with the evidence presented. He was char ged with murder of three civilians who two of them died on the spot after being shot while the other died while undergoing medication. Moreover, he was sentenced with 30 years imprisonment. The criminal had no any legal representation and there was no any success of being bailed out. He was also former ex-military personnel and had illegal possession of the fire arms. However, he failed to mention his other accompanying individuals who helped during the attack (Herring, 2014). Secondly, the second case was called out and it was concerning a rape case of a twenty year old girl who was on her way home in the evening after school. The defendant was immediately presented at the court and the plaintiff also appeared to give the occurrences of the situation. The judge told the girl to describe what happened that day and also the location of the incidence. The girl described all what happened and also recognized the individual who had done the beastly act. The criminal was given the chance to speak but denied all the accusations presented. The judge requested the witnesses to be brought and testify regarding the case. They gave out the descriptions of the individual and later on identified him. Moreover, they said he had escaped after the girl screamed out for help and they came to rescue. In addition to that, he was also of other cases and he had gone into exile after learning that the authorities were looking for him. The final witness had a video clip of the g uy being chased away by the persons who had come to rescue the girl. It was substantial evidence and the judge was contented with it and he had to give his final ruling. The criminal was found guilty and he was sentenced to ten years imprisonment and a heavy fine was implied on him. The individual was known to operate an unknown business in the area and the people always suspected him to be a gangster. There was no any legal representation of the defendant and he was all by himself (Buhk, 2011). Lastly, the final case was regarding the murder of a federal officer who was on duty during the day. The officer encountered robbers who were escaping after robbing a certain jewelry shop in the city. He tried to stop them and as they exchanged fire, he got shot and died on the spot. The action was captured on the street cameras and had to be presented at the court. There was legal representation and the lawyer of the officer was there to handle the case. On the other hand, the police department had done their investigations and had identified the individuals on the clip recorded. The persons had been located and arrested for their mistakes and had to face the court of law. They were brought in and the lawyer representing the deceased officer had to ask them questions. The individuals denied the accusations and the evidence against them had to be presented. The video clip was played and it was clearly seen that it was them robbing the bank and later shooting at the officer as they es caped. Moreover, the owner of the shop was also present at the court and identified the persons. They had not won the masks at the time and the camera had captured the entire scene. The judge was contented with the substantial evidence presented. The criminals were charged with murder and robbery with violence. They were sentenced to life imprisonment without any cash bail. The criminals were also former military individuals who had resigned without any reason and had a poor profile during their military operations (Kadish Kadish, 2012). In conclusion, the court environment was not harsh and was favorable for the case hearings. On the other hand, the witnesses were also courageous enough to give an outline of the occurrences that happened on particular case. They had to testify what they had seen and none of them had some exaggerations regarding the events. They were not against any side and their utmost goal for them was justice to prevail. In addition to that, the defendants seemed worried at the court as they knew they were guilty of the accusations brought against them. Most of them had previous convictions and escaped free without facing the full force of the law. The lack of the witnesses in the previous cases made them to be released freely. Lastly, the proceedings had been carried out in the right manner and justice had been served. The ruling of the judge made the plaintiffs feel relieved and also the values of the society were maintained. The criminals faced the law and were prosecuted accordingly and as pe r the laws governing the country. It was a good example to any other individual who had intentions to commit such crimes. It was clearly seen that the court plays a significant role in solving the cases and ensuring that justice is served. References Abbell, M., Abbell, M. (2010).Obtaining evidence abroad in criminal cases 2010. Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Allerton, P. N. (2008).Fines and restitutions in federal criminal cases. New York, Nova Science Publishers. American Bar Association. (2009).Model jury instructions in criminal antitrust cases. Chicago, Ill, Section of Antitrust Law, ABA. Buhk, T. T. (2011).True crime Michigan : the state's most notorious criminal cases. Mechanicsburg, PA, Stackpole Books Cassese, A. (2010).International criminal law: cases and commentary. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Emsley, J. (2008).Molecules of murder. Cambridge, Royal Society of Chemistry. Herring, J. (2014).Criminal law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press Kadish, S. H., Kadish, S. H. (2012).Criminal law and its processes: cases and materials. New York, Wolters Kluwer Law and Business/Aspen Publishers.

Narrative introduction free essay sample

Abstract: In the first part of this paper, we will introduce the theoretical framework for analyzing autobiographical narratives as it has been developed by the German sociologists Fritz Schutze and Gabriele Rosenthal3, and later has been adapted by Koleva, Popova and others. 4 In the second part we will use this methodology to analyze empirical data that have been collected as part of our MICROCON study on ethnic identity and the risk of inter-ethnic conflict in Bulgaria. We focus on the question of how people belonging to the group of â€Å"ethnic Turks† in Bulgaria define their ethnicity, between the competing contexts of the past (in the form of their experience) and the present (in the form of what they remember and how they reactualize it in their biographical narratives). The paper is based on the analysis of two (out of a sample of 120) narrative autobiographic interviews. 1 Research Associate, Department of Sociology of Religions and Everyday Life, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Assistant Professor in Theory of Religion, Department for History and Theory of Culture, Sofia University. Email: [emailprotected] com. 2 Project Coordinator, DVV International, Sofia. Email: [emailprotected] de. 3 Schutze [year not indicated]: Biography Analysis on the (full title see the bibliographical notes at the end of this paper). 4 Koleva 1999, Koleva 2002, Koleva 2007, Krasteva 1998, Popova 1994. 1 1. Autobiographical data as a source for sociological studies Analyzing autobiographical data became part of the methodological tool-box of sociologists especially from the late 1970s on. 5 An interesting subject (not only) for sociologists is the ways in which individuals deal with their life experience. Dealing with life experience typically includes three steps: 1) the experience itself 2) memory, 3) and the act of re-arranging experience and memory into something new: a diary, a picture, a movie, a novel, etc. Particularly interesting in this context are autobiographical narratives. 1. 1. Biographical Gestalt and biographical whole In telling their life history from their own perspective (and possibly without being interrupted by questions or being preliminarily restricted to a certain part of their life) people can, in a spontaneous way, form narratives which are self-sufficient, or, in other words, are in a specific way integral (although, of course, they always consist of selected events, and never can deliver a full report). Such a self-sufficient reconstruction of a life history is constitutive of the current identity of the respondent (the person who tells his or her life story) and his or her place in society. We call this a biographical Gestalt. For interpreting the elements of biographical Gestalt, Schutze (and others) have developed a methodology which will be outlined below. Following Schutze’s terminology, the researcher interpreting a biographical Gestalt creates a biographical whole [German: biographische Gesamtformung]. This is in order to differentiate between what the respondent has produced (the biographical Gestalt), and what the researcher derives from it (biographical whole). In order to come to a biographical whole, the researcher first describes the chronology of the respondent’s life. Second he produces a structural description of contents (â€Å"strukturelle inhaltliche Beschreibung†) which means, he analyzes what topics are particularly important for the respondent, which ones he or she mentions with less emphasis or casually, and which ones he or she does not mention at all. As a last step, the researcher compares all elements which have been found in the narrative and shows what are the dominating structures, beginning with the past, and step by step approaching the present (c. f. Schutze 1983: 288). 1. 2. The present as the leading temporary structure for the past In his narrative, the autobiographer actualizes his interpretation of the past (Koleva 2007: 11-13). His life experience is a specific form of knowledge, accessible only 5 See Koleva 1999: 7-30; Zeleva 2006: 193; Dzamdzieva 2008: 49-52; Eliot 2005: 22-27; Bryman 2008. 2 through remembering. Orienting the remembering of the past (and forming the narrative), however, is the present, with its markers for success/failure, normality/deviation etc. Hence the present becomes the dominating order for restructuring the past. (This includes also expectations for the future, since they have their own impact on how the individual acts in the present. ) Forming a holistic autobiographic narrative (a biographical Gestalt) does not mean just linking a number of events one to each other. The biographical narrative is not (solely) directed towards the past. Also, it is not – as another common misconception would hold – the mere result of present circumstances influencing the individual. Rather the autobiographic narrative should be seen as an attempt (and ability) of the individual to re-contextualize the past (and past events), including the various social roles the individual once had, and currently has. (Alheit 1997: 944). An individual who lives in multiple social worlds has to act in various roles, and has nevertheless to preserve his or her identity. Re-interpreting one’s own biography is an opportunity to internalize new approaches to one’s life. This opens the door for new ways to act and make plans. Such a re-actualizing of events (relevant for the individual), may lead to restructuring (partly, totally, or with respect to a certain situation) the selfconceptualisation of the individual, and the way in which it positions itself in the world. It may even lead to a shift of personality. In other words, a biographical Gestalt is not so much a constant and deliberately constructed entity. Rather it is an act of dynamically linking of three strata: the sedimented experience of events, the remembering of events, and their reproduction in form of a life history narrative. (Rosenthal 1995: 20). We could call this linking of the three elements a linking of temporary layers. 6 1. 3. Remembering as a selective activity For the purpose of interpreting biographic data, we propose that remembering is a process composed of several steps (Rosenthal 1995). The construction of an autobiographical narrative (i. e. creating a Gestalt) starts from reflective remembering. Remembering the past (in form of circumstances and events) in the course of an autobiographical narrative includes, as a rule, various types of transformations such as blending experience and emotions, aggregation of diverse ideas into a unified order, and suppression / selection / interpretation of events. Hence one might be sceptical about the â€Å"objectivity† of an autobiographical narrative. However, those transformations can help us uncover the motives which shape the process of creating the autobiographical self-construction. An autobiographical statement will be meaningful for the researcher not so much because of the factual information it offers. More important is how the respondent (who tells us the story of his life) forms a consistent, holistic narrative by selecting and (re-)arranging various remembered 6 Schutze, in his English papers, uses temporary structures, or temporary structures of the biographical storytelling. 3 events or circumstances of his life, which then appear as sequences in the narrative (Bohnsack, Marotzki, Meuser 2006: 17). The act of creating the narrative may be called a biographical action. A biographical action uses time frames (meaning: for any given element of his life story, the respondent himself decides what he sees as the starting point and the end point7), and it is shaped by the decision of the autobiographer to preserve, uncover or neglect spaces of action (physical places where his actions took place) and life options (opportunities to choose between one or another way to act). In his biographical action (which is, in plain words, the act of telling one’s life) the individual uses both his (or her) experience and expectations. Thus, the autobiographer develops a specific attitude towards the flow of events in his life. It is exactly this concept of an attitude, which made Schutze introduce the notion of biographical action schemes (Schutze 1984). (On biographical action schemes, see below). 2. A model for interpreting biographical narratives 2. 1. Biographical process structures From Schutze’s perspective, the key elements of biographical narratives are biographical process structures [German: Prozesstrukturen]. Schutze identifies exactly four different types: a) institutional expectation patterns b) biographical action schemes c) trajectories of suffering and d) creative metamorphoses of biographical identity (Schutze 1982: 67). They are four basic models of how people, when forming their biographical Gestalt, arrange and interpret the elements of their narrative. In what follows we will briefly discus the four types of biographical process structures. a) Institutional expectation patterns The phases of a life cycle are usually predetermined by a dominating cultural model which ties the life of the individual to certain (societal) institutions. This model generates expectations what phases a life cycle should have, and what would be â€Å"success† or â€Å"failure† of a given phase. Such phases may be school education, military service, starting a family, upbringing of children and professional career. (And we find exactly such phases in the two interviews which will be analysed later in this article. ) They are legitimized (and regulated) through institutions such as school, army, family, or economy. They are marked by rituals of transition. So-called conflicts of expectation may appear when the standard path of personal development is obstructed, for example through unemployment, health problems, or political 7 For example, when talking about emigration to another country, the respondent himself decides whether the living conditions in his home country are part of this process or not. 4 restrictions. Conflicts of expectation are discrepancies between the moral concepts of the individual, and reality. The individual (the respondent) typically believes that his cognitive and emotional orientation is similarly valid for those with whom he interacts. This expectation should be seen as another dimension of institutional expectation patterns. 8 Social groups constitute themselves through historical events which have (or are believed to have) common biographical relevance to all members of the group. This mechanism allows us to typologize individual biographies by finding such common elements (Nohl 2005). Starting from a detailed description of the processes in question (or in other words: the events in which the respondent took part, with special respect to their singularity), we try to isolate their common characteristics and thus to understand their inner structure (Bohnsack, Marotzki, Meuser 2006: 47; Schutze 2006: 161). b) Biographical action scheme In an autobiographical narrative, biographical action schemes describe an individual’s purposeful long term activities. An example for such a long term activity might be the concept of a vocational career, starting with apprenticeship, continuing with some 30 years of work and ending with retirement. Through biographical action schemes the individual is able to actively control his or her life. A biographical action scheme includes four elements: defining an objective; choosing the means to reach it; decision to implement the scheme; and implementation. Further characteristics of biographical action schemes are: 1) They are interactive: they are oriented towards the partners of social interaction (by anticipating their expectations) and thus may play a role in adjusting the selfdefinition of a person. 2) They have a specific assessment structure. For example, an event or activity, which did not seem particularly important at the time it occurred, may appear in the autobiographical narrative as a key event with particular meaning either for life before, or life after. 3) Their implementation follows a specific structure. For example, in the case of emigrants this would be something like: preparing the obligatory documents, selling the house and other real estate, organising the travel, etc. , good-byes with friends and colleagues, arriving in the new country, adapting oneself to the socio-cultural environment, organising one’s everyday life and setting up new social networks. 4) The individual evaluates the results of the biographical action scheme and tries to legitimize it. For example, this may be done by emphasizing one’s improved social or financial status and by presenting this as a consequence of following the action scheme. (Schutze 1982: 70-85). 8 On the link between the life cycle and normativity of societal expectations see Koleva 2002. 5 5) Biographical action schemes are not monologues: Their meaning becomes clear when we reconstruct the structures of the family, the group or the organisation which the respondent of an interview used to belong to. (Rosenthal 2005: 195). c) Trajectories of suffering Schutze believes that life time is an important dimension for the social activities of the individual, since a person’s identity changes in the course of life. Changes in the patterns of his activities appear when the individual is exposed to processes which alienate him (or her) from the institutional expectation patterns so that there appear discrepancies between expectations, implementation plans and the factual development of life (Schutze 1982: 89, 145). However, there are also events and processes which disturb the order of everyday life without leading to immediate action. 9 One such process is suffering. Suffering remains undisclosed in the sphere of individual experience of a person, grows into a general emotional disposition (or mood) and thus accelerates the transformation of identity. (An extreme form would be the complete disintegration of a person’s ability to act. ) It is characteristic for trajectories of suffering that in a given situation a person’s psycho-social resources become ineffective. This restricts his (or her) ability to act or react. In the case of suffering, the individual abandons the purposeful form of experience and activity (which is constitutive for social action) for a conditioned behaviour (â€Å"conditioned† meaning here that the individual is exposed to external influences beyond his or her control) (Schutze 1983: 288). These may make the individual restructure his or her basic attitudes and his or her ways of managing everyday life. In other words: Negative events means: the room for social action is restricted, and social competencies are reduced. Positive events means the opposite: there is more place for social action, and new and better social positions can be achieved (Schutze 1982: 90). Trajectories of suffering are an interesting object for the sociologist as far as they have an impact on the collective attitude and the social understanding of what is order (or rightfulness), and thus are able to contribute to the emergence of social tension or even conflict, respectively conflict between ethnic or other groups in society, or societal strata. What Schutze calls trajectories of suffering, is described in Rosenthal (1997, 2003) as traumatic experience. According to Rosenthal, traumatic experience can be found for example when respondents talk emotionally about dramatical situation, or when they mention them only fragmentially 9 An example would be the change of names which was forced upon the Bulgarian Turks during the 1980s. The victims – in fact the entire population of Bulgarian Turks – endured this without a considerable reaction. Years later, however, they left Bulgaria, in a sudden mass exodus. These events are one of the key topics of the case studies which are presented below. 6 switch between different time lines (present, past, etc. ), (which can be confusing for the interviewer) ignore violent episodes in the past describe other people’s traumatic experience (and avoid talking about their own) speak in a lot of detail about single traumatic experiences avoid â€Å"dangerous† topics by dwelling on topics or events of secondary importance. d) Creative metamorphoses of biographical identity A biographical narrative is composed with regard to both the structures which used to determine the flow of life in the past, and the structures which determine the flow of life at present (Schutze 1982: 104). Through the biographical Gestalt the individual stabilizes itself and its identity; the biographical Gestalt is a kind of self-assertion of the individual. For creating it, the individual uses its basic resources (for example his or her creativity, or just material assets which are available such as a house, a vocation, commodities), basic skills and dispositions (which he or she tends to fulfil, as a result of origin or identity; example are a disposition to have children, to travel, or to create beautiful things), basic attitudes (ways to look at matters of everyday life), and basic strategies of how to act. If one of these is changed, this may cause a collapse of the hitherto dominating life structures. 10 This may result in shifting the perspective from which the individual constructs its biographical Gestalt. Such a re-grouping of the layers of memory and of the basic biographical Gestalt may trigger self-deception (illusion) and ideologization. In cases when the alteration of the biographical Gestalt is painful, we find a tendency to (self-) disguising autobiographical narratives. This may occur in various ways. Memory can be complemented by imagination; the respondent can choose to not express every detail which he remembers at the moment when he tells his story; he (or she) can add elements which are not part of a concrete memory of the past, pieces of memory from other experiences, or arguments taken from other people’s narratives (Rosenthal 1995: 90). 2. 2. Generating the data: the narrative biographical interview The methodology of interpreting autobiographical narratives as we employ it in our study has been described in detail by Schutze and Rosenthal. 11 It is based on autobiographic narrative interviews which are recorded in a situation of an extended, relatively informal face-to-face conversation. A typical interview would last an hour 10 For example, losing his family may destroy the self-perception [identity] of a person as „I have family, I am a successful member of society, I am like othersâ€Å". 11 Rosenthal 1995: 186-207; Rosenthal 2005: 125-155; Rosenthal, Kottig u. a. 2006. The methodology usually is called biographische Fallrekonstruktion – biographical case reconstruction. 7 or more. An advantage of this way of generating data is that the researcher can trace (in the text corpus, after transcription) how the models of interpretation which the respondents use are linked to their reconstructed life history (Rosenthal 2005: 125155). 12 The basic idea is that the narrated life history is more than a sequence of randomly selected events from the respondent’s life. Rather, the events which are used to form the narrative are selected with respect to a holistic system of interpreting the world (Popova 1985: 85). Similarly, the researcher, while emphasising the subjectivity of the individual’s experience, is not so much interested in â€Å"what happened†, than in â€Å"what does it mean to the respondent† in the context of his entire life and his situation at present (Koleva 2007: 11). Therefore, in the first part of the interview, the interviewer will try to not interfere with any questions to clarify facts. Rather, he or she will try to encourage the respondent to find his own way to tell his life. The result is – if the interview is successful – a reconstruction of the life history, as it is constitutive for the current identity of the respondent, and his (or her) place in society. This is called a biographical Gestalt (Bohnsack 1991: 93). Established in this way, the biographical data show how people in fact behave (in their respective social environment), as opposed to what they tend to display as their intentions (Popova 1994: 84). 13 Whereas in the first part of the interview the respondent should have the opportunity to create his biographical Gestalt without unnecessary interference by the interviewer, in the second part questions may be asked, aiming at a more precise reconstruction of those events which are important for the overall topic of the study. This helps avoid the risk that the interview becomes too poor a source of information because it is only up to the respondent to choose the topics of his narrative (Schutze 2006: 159; Holf 2008: 45). Crucial for an autobiographical interview is the relationship between the interviewer and the respondent. It is the interviewer’s task to provide an atmosphere which helps the respondent feel comfortable. Moreover, the interviewer should support the respondent to concentrate on telling events (narration), rather than giving his opinion about things (assessment) or explain his behaviour (argumentation). Only by re-actualizing as many details of events as possible the respondent will enable us to reconstruct his strata of experience which are decisive for his present identity. 14 Additionally, concentrating on the description of events allows the reduction of the asymmetry of the interview situation. In interviews, respondents usually tend to seek 12 For example, a model of interpretation would be â€Å"everything in socialism was fine and well-done†, whereas an element of reconstructed life history would be â€Å"the most important period in my life was when I was the secretary of the party and I managed to organize all the cultural life in our village over a period of about ten years†. 13 For example, a respondent may tell us that life in his village is boring and that e would like to emigrate to America. However, more important, for a biographical analysis, is what he really did, and why. 14 An example to illustrate this: In one of our interviews a women living in a village expressed strong dislike of Turks, more than other people in this community. Later it turned out that she had a Roma mother, which is, in the established hierarchy of ethnic groups, even â€Å"lower† than being a Turk. 8 recognition, and tend to give answers which – as they believe – match what is socially acceptable and especially what fits the anticipated expectations of the interviewer (Taylor, Bogdan 1998: 101-103). Sequential analysis A biographical narrative consists of a sequence of biographical process structures. 15 As we have seen, biographical process structures are variable. 16 (Schutze 1984: 88). When the dominating biographical process structure changes, the respondent accordingly will put other accents on the interpretation of his life history. Such changes are not necessarily experienced as dramatic or highly emotional. They may be just some â€Å"outer† changes, for example moving to a new apartment, getting into a new position in society, or a disturbance in everyday communication which lets the respondent feel unsure about his social skills and thus reduces his self-respect. Changes in the interpretation of process structures may be brought to light through a type of text analysis, called sequential analysis. This means analyzing how the autobiographer himself arranges in his narrative the changes he experienced (Schutze 1982: 132; Popova 1994: 85). A sequential analysis has three steps: 1) In the course of transcribing the interview we identify text units and classify them as either narration, description or argumentation (Rosenthal 1995: 240-241). Narration is related to consecutive chains of factive or fictive events. They are linked to each other either by a timely or a causal logic. The respondent uses narration in order to actualize how things (actions and events) happened, with a beginning and an end, with a concrete time and place (Schutze 1987: 146 ff). Descriptions are related to a repeated action, or to the unvarying state of things (circumstances). The main difference between descriptions and narratives is that descriptions are static. Any processual characteristics of the object of description are â€Å"frozen†. (Kallmeyer, Schutze 1977: 201) Argumentations can be seen as theoretical constructs. Koleva (2007: 17) calls them ideological meta-narratives. They appear either as assessment of the respondent’s own or other peoples’ actions, or as a presentation of a respondent’s general ideological (in German: weltanschauliche) attitudes. Argumentations appear in interviews depending on the communicative setting (atmosphere) at the time of recording, since they reflect today’s point of view. (Schutze 1987: 149) After having established the transition points of sequences (for example the change to another class of text units), we continue the analysis by searching for answers to questions such as: why does a given topic appear at a given place in the narrative? What determines its length? Why does the text appear in this form? To what thematic areas could a given sequence be assigned? What spheres or periods of life does the 15 See above, where this notion is introduced. 16 Different events in your life may seem important to you today, and of minor importance tomorrow. 9 narrative deal with, and, reciprocally, what spheres and periods are excluded? What spheres or periods are mentioned only because the interviewer, later in the interview, asks additional questions? (Rosenthal 2005: 185). The last and final step is interpreting the biographical Gestalt of the narrative. This is what we will do in what follows. 3. Biographical reconstruction and ethnic identity. The methodology outlined above is used in social sciences to better understand how an individual forms his or her identity, and how various factors influence this process. Such factors are gender, religion, language, migration, generation gaps, etc. Much emphasis is also laid on biographical analysis of ethnic identity. Ethnic identity is often seen as a key element for the creation of meaning in the life-world17, and thus for stabilizing the self-perception of the individual (Fotev 1994: 17-22). Interesting are not only such dimensions of ethnic identity which are related to the individual (for example an individual’s affirmative or traumatic experience of ethnic identity), but also such dimensions of ethnic identity which make it function as collective capital. The latter are important because they bear the potential to bring about conflicts, particularly when people start to occupy new spaces in society, are included in or excluded from societal processes, legitimize their access to resources or impose on others restrictions to the access to resources. In our study, we try to employ a non-substantialistic approach to ethnic identity. To that end in our biographical interviews we avoid the notion â€Å"ethnos†, since â€Å"ethnos† implies an ontologically stable unit that directly includes its members who, by virtue of heritage, belong to a quasi ready-made cultural context. We prefer the notion of â€Å"ethnicity† which emphasises individual choice and the freedom of self-definition. It also gives the opportunity to interpret ethnic belonging outside of monolithic master narratives. For us, ethnic identity is not a mono-dimensional feature which is incorporated into the members of a community (Krasteva 1998: 158; 2004: 31; Nedelceva 2004: 47-61). Rather, we see ethnic identity as dependent of individual, mutative biographical constellations and their actual, meaningful re-interpretation in the present. In this perspective, it would be misleading to believe that individuals have an invariable self-conception. (Kohli 1982: 157-168). The two narratives which we are going to analyse in this paper are to be seen as prototypes of life experience (Rosenthal 2005: 75). Typicality means that the â€Å"biographical case† represents one of potentially countless possible ways of relating oneself to the social environment. The biographical case is part of the social reality, even though it occurs, by definition, in this form only once (Popova 1994: 84; Rosenthal, Kottig et al. 2006: 36). 17 German Lebenswelt. 10 3. 1. Some historico-political background: Turks in Bulgaria, and the assimilation campaign in the 1980s The respondents whose biographical narratives we present in this paper, belong to the group of Bulgarian Turks18. â€Å"Belonging† means that they define themselves as such. In the 1980s, Bulgarian Turks became the victims of an assimilation campaign, instigated by the communist regime under Todor Zivkov, which did not proceed without various forms of violence, including the police and the military. The campaign set off a mass exodus into neighbouring Turkey. The background of this campaign (which seemed quite irrational even from the perspective of the communist regime) are not finally clarified. Today, the campaign and its effects are usually referred to as vazroditelen proces. 19 The choice of â€Å"Bulgarian Turks† as a reference group is based on the assumption that the vazroditelen proces had powerful (and even violent) effects on the entire community, and thus marks a common trajectory of suffering. However, the reactions to this trajectory of suffering are not uniform. The two autobiographical interviews presented below show that the respondents use considerably different biographical action schemes and have different expectations of the future. 20 Two of the most outstanding events during the vazroditelen proces in the 1980s were a) the campaign to change the traditional Turko-Arabic names of the Bulgarian Turks to Bulgarian ones (particularly in December 1984 and January 1985), and b) the public protests in North Eastern Bulgaria in May 1989 which were followed by a mass emigration of nearly 360 000 to neighbouring Turkey. 21 Since then, scholars have collected a huge corpus of documents from archives and so on, and have tried to reconstruct the events and their political background. Detailed studies have been written about what effects the state policy of a â€Å"uniform socialist nation†22 and the official historical discourse (which has been aiming to prove that the Turkish population in Bulgaria actually were â€Å"descendants of islamized Bulgarians†) had on ethnic markers such as language, names, attire and religion (Jalamov 2002; Gruev, Kal’onski 2008: 167-176). 18 According to the official census of 2001, „Bulgarian Turksâ€Å" are, by size, the second ethno-religious 19 20 21 22 group in Bulgaria, counting 9,6 per cent of the overall population. As usual, the methodology of such census includes that the individual may take a free decision as for what is his ethnic belonging (if any). The term vazroditelen proces is in common use in Bulgarian public life and academic writing, although it is historically problematic and carries ideological impetus. See: Baeva, Kalinova 2009: 5); Fotev 1994: 88-102; Jalamov 2002: 360; Dokumenti ot archiva na CK na BKP, 2003; Kalinova 2004: 52-64; Gruev, Kal’onski 2008: 131-176. As part of Microcon project No. 6, a team of the Sv. -Sv. -Kliment Ohridski-University in Sofia (Institute of History and Theory of Culture), led by Teodora Karamelska, Daniela Koleva and Christian Geiselmann recorded in 2008 and 2009 about 100 biographical interviews in those five oblasti in North East Bulgaria which have the highest percentages of Turkish population. Many of them returned after weeks or months, others remained in Turkey. This notion had been shaped at the Plenum of the CK of the BKP in January 1974 when a task was devised to â€Å"ideo-politically integrate those with Turkish descent† as well as to â€Å"make the Bulgarian Muslims aware of their nation, and to educate them as patriots† (cit. in Baeva, Kalinova 2009: 27). 11 We believe, as a hypothesis, that this historical context has heterogeneous effects on the way that people, through their biographical narratives, individually construct their ethnic identity. The two respondents whose narratives are introduced here form their social positions in two different ways. For both of them, the vazroditelen proces caused a loss of biographical orientation. For both of them, it provided an opportunity to re-think the question â€Å"who am I, and how did I become who I am†. However, they end up with entirely different results. As a

10 Things Hiring Managers Wish You Knew When Applying For Jobs

10 Things Hiring Managers Wish You Knew When Applying For Jobs There is a lot of advice about how to interview out there. But the people we should really be asking for advice about the interview process are the people who conduct those interviews- the hiring managers. Here are the 10 things hiring managers wish you knew. Make their jobs easy, and you just might get the job.1. Be early, but not too earlyWhatever you do, do not be late. That said, if you show up 30-45 minutes early, you could really distract or annoy the hiring manager, who might have better things to do and not want to interview you on the fly. If you end up at the office with this much time to spare, grab a coffee or do some last minute prep on your own before going in. Aim to be 10-15 minutes early. Most hiring managers agree that is the sweet spot.2. Don’t apply unqualifiedIf you don’t meet 85% or more of what the job description says they’re looking for, don’t bother interviewing. The hiring manager will just feel like you are wasting his time. Mak e sure you meet the minimum requirements (and that you go a few steps beyond as well) before going in for an interview. You don’t have to be perfect or overqualified, just not obviously underqualified.3. Do your homeworkToo many applicants head into the interview room without doing research into the company, their potential manager, or their role in the industry at large. Don’t fall victim to this laziness.Do your homework! Look up specifics! Familiarize yourself with the company’s workings, their numbers, and their day-to-day operations. This will impress the interviewer and give you plenty of topics about which to converse. Don’t go in the room until you feel comfortable reciting in one sentence what the company does and why. Internalize the narrative and tailor your answers to emphasize how well you understand what they are looking for.4. Treat it like a first dateInterviews can be a bit like speed dating, and that’s okay. It’s your chanc e to see whether the company would be a good fit for you, and their chance to see whether you’d be a good fit for their culture. Chances are, if you got the interview, you’re already a technical fit given your qualifications and experience. You’re in the room to get to know each other. Treat it like a date; don’t talk too much about yourself. Ask questions. Listen. Be respectful, but also make sure to show off your best traits.5. Bring questionsPart of doing your homework is coming armed with questions. You will be asked. Make sure you don’t get caught without a good one. Think of what you’re curious about that you weren’t able to find online or on the company’s website. When in doubt, ask about some of the specifics for the position you’d be filling, or potential growth opportunities within the company.6. Lead with your software skillsBefore you even show up for the interview, you need to convince the hiring manager tha t you have the skills necessary to be qualified in the first place. If you don’t already have a list of all the software programs in which you are proficient, put that in immediately. If they see that you’re a rockstar with the one program they use most, you’re almost guaranteed to get an interview.7. Don’t lieIf you lie, either on your resume or during the interview, you will almost certainly get caught. Resumes and references are checked. Fluffing yourself up a little is a human tendency; a little spin on your accomplishments in one position might be justified. Just don’t bend the actual truth. And be prepared to prove yourself.8. Say thank youThere is no excuse for not sending an immediate, handwritten thank you note. Or at very least, a thank you email.9.  Be patientNothing is likely to get you bumped out of the running more than constantly badgering the hiring manager about when the decision will be made. Ask for a timeframe for decision-mak ing when you’re in the room, then don’t make a peep until a day or two beyond that. A short, respectful follow-up email will do. And if you don’t hear back? You didn’t get the job.10. Know that hiring managers are people tooPut yourself in your hiring manager’s shoes for a second. They see dozens of people. It’s your job to make their job easier, and to make yourself memorable. It’s also your job to ask the questions you need answered; don’t just assume this information will be handed to you.Imagine meeting with a person who has been looking at three hundred similar resumes for the same position. Try to dazzle them. They’ll thank you for it, even if you don’t get this particular job. And it’s a great skill to learn for next time.

The Utilitarian Argument of Capitalism Essays

The Utilitarian Argument of Capitalism Essays The Utilitarian Argument of Capitalism Paper The Utilitarian Argument of Capitalism Paper The use of government intervention is a widely disputed phenomenon. Government intervention In an otherwise free market refers to a somewhat mixed economy. In this economy, government Intervention takes place even though the majority of the market is capitalist. This paper aims to explore the utilitarian argument of capitalism and discuss whether government intervention in an otherwise free market leads to inefficiencies on utilitarian grounds. Capitalism refers to a profit or market system (Shaw, 2008; Gray, 2011). In this system, economic catchy is private and operates with the goal of making a profit (Shaw, 2008). According to Shaw (2008). This activity Includes all businesses. Production, distribution, banking and manufacturing, to name but a few. The government only takes responsibility for national expenses such as health care and education and does not enforce any quotas on private business production levels (Shaw, 2008). This means that in a purely capitalist system, there is no government intervention and a free market exists. Basally and Jones (1993) describe this as a market based, customer-driven economy (p. 2). Capitalism has many key features of which four are most important. These include companies, profit motives, competition and private property (Shaw, 2008). In a capitalist system, companies can exist and act as separate legal entities (Gray, 2011; Shaw, 2008). Being a legal entity means that the company has legal rights and obligations and may be tried In a court of law (Shaw, 2008). The employees, shareholders and stakeholders of a particular company are viewed as being separate from the company even though they may work wealth the company or have a say in how it is run. The second feature of a capitalist system is that a companys main motive is to make as much money as possible and thereby maximize its profit (Shaw, 2008). Gray (2011) states that the capitalist system assumes that profit is a result of productivity. This in turn means that having a profit motive encourages workers and employees to be more productive. Competition, the third feature, can be seen as a regulator In the capitalist system; a company who sells poor quality products at exorbitant prices will not receive as much business as a company who sells high quality products at lower costs (Shaw, 2008). The company who has poor products and high prices will therefore be forced to better their products and lower their prices in order to achieve their goal of profit mastication. The fourth key feature is private property. A capitalist system requires that the tangible and intangible means of production, distribution, capital and economic catchy are privately owned (Shaw, 2008). Any profits arising from these means will be that of the owners. Adam Smith, when discussing the political economy of trade, noticed that when individuals were faced with unfamiliar business partners and foreign legal systems, hey would prefer to invest in domestic rather than foreign trade (Wight, 2006). Consequently, their home country would gain in investment, which would increase employment Ana production, amongst toner things. I Nils phenomenon lea to ten invisible hand argument: when people pursue their own interests, they will ultimately, without aiming to do so, create the greatest utility for the greatest number of people (Shaw, 2008). This concept of the invisible hand can be used as a proxy for the utilitarian argument of capitalism. Smith (1776) (as cited in Shaw, 2008) illustrates his concept by stating that it is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest (p. 130). According to Shaw (2008), the free and unrestrained market that exists under capitalism is more efficient and productive than any other system. This may be because in a free and unrestrained market an individual has the freedom to pursue his interests without any government restriction. One may then argue that government intervention may move some people away from the realization of their own self-interest. Through this reasoning, it can be said that government policies and regulations would not necessarily lead to the greatest amount of efficiency. Smith (1776) (as cited in Shaw, 2008) suggests that the removal of government policies and regulations on various resources such as raw materials, markets and labor would lead to the greatest amount of efficiency in a system. Shaw (2008) reasons that if consumers were freely allowed to choose what they bought and suppliers were freely allowed to choose what they sold and how they produced it, there would be no need for government intervention. The law of supply and demand would regulate the market and it would reach equilibrium. The law of supply and demand proposes that in the same way competition keeps an individual from becoming a ruthless profiteer (p. 131), it would be in an individuals best interest to sell an adequate amount of goods at fair prices (Shaw, 2008). Since China opened up its socialist economy to free market activities in 1978, it has experienced large benefits in many aspects (Presley, 2011). Expansion in the Chinese economy has led to decreased poverty, increased stability and a better standard of fife (Presley, 2011). From 1978 to 2011, Chinas Gross Domestic Profit has increased from $216 billion dollars to $5. 8 trillion dollars, the share of world economy has increased from 1. 8% to 9. 5% and the annual per income capita has increased from $266 to $4300 (Presley, 2011). This example proves that free market activities can in many ways create a greater good for a greater number of people. The utilitarian argument that Adam Smith puts forward assumes that people are self- interested, rational beings who are fully aware of the diverse range, price structure, laity and differences and similarities of the products available in the market (Shaw, 2008). In reality, large companies use tactics to manipulate the consumer and thereby reach their profit objectives (Shaw, 2008). Therefore, even with aid, it would be difficult for a consumer to make the rational, self-interested choices that Adam Smith assumes we as consumers are able to make. Capitalism requires perfect competition. For tons to occur, all Monolinguals Walton ten system must take market prices as parameters that they cannot control or change (Dobbin, 1991). This, however, is not the case in todays market. Dobbin (1991) suggests that market prices are not impersonal data (p. 7) but the result of decisions and negotiations between companies and individuals. Depending on the amount of power a company has, they could control their prices on their own or collude with other firms to set prices at profit maximizing levels. This means that many companies practice predatory pricing and create monopolies and oligopolies (Winfield, 2011). The lowest possible economic cost to society is therefore not being obtained, which in urn means that the system is not socially efficient and does not create the greatest good for the greatest number of people (Winfield, 2011). John Keynes challenged Adam Smith by opposing the idea that the law of supply and demand regulates the market (Dobbin, 1991). As mentioned previously, Shaw (2008) reasons that if consumers were freely allowed to choose what they bought, and there would be no need for government intervention. Keynes, however, realized that demand determines the amount a business supplies, as a business will only produce what it expects others will buy (Investigated, 2011). Keynes suggests that government intervention through fiscal and monetary policy should be used to control demand, which would enable full employment and levels of supply to be determined (Investigated, 2011). The utilitarian view of capitalism requires information symmetry. Information asymmetry occurs when the producer has more superior knowledge of the product than the consumer does (Investigated, 2011). This problem is illustrated in George Croakers Market for Lemons; sellers of poor quality goods and services have incentive to market their products as though they are of higher quality and better tankard to maximize their profit objectives (Investigated, 2011). This does not lead to price equilibrium. Instead, the distrust in the system may result in a no-trade equilibrium, which can lead to entire market failures. This is known as adverse selection (Investigated, 2011). Moral hazards are also caused by information asymmetry as people are more likely to take risks (Winfield, 2011). When individuals are exposed to poor quality goods, possible market failures, distrust and moral hazards, the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people is not created. Government intervention can be used to control externalities. Externalities are costs or benefits borne by someone other than the producer or consumer (Winfield, 2011). External costs such as carbon dioxide emissions, pollution, psychological effects and harmful medical effects do not create the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Firms may not consider these social costs and supply too many products. This does not result in equal supply and demand (Winfield, 2011). One of the major criticisms of capitalism is the blatant economic inequality that exalts In many capitalist isosceles ( BIBB). Monolinguals In tense isosceles are not born with equal opportunities and the utilitarian argument for capitalism is challenged on this basis. Some proponents of capitalism have claimed that government intervention is the cause of inequality, but Shaw (2008) contends that these arguments have been disproved by both history and economic theory. To avoid the poverty and inequality that capitalism creates, it has been suggested that some form of government intervention should be used. Critics however argue that because of the capitalist economic and political frameworks this would probably not be possible (Shaw, 2008). Another viewpoint is that inequality can be outweighed if living standards are increasing due to a capitalist system (Shaw, 2008). This is a subjective viewpoint which is both difficult to measure and more favored by people who are advantaged and happy with their current economic situation (Shaw, 2008). Recent events have illustrated that the global financial crisis may have been caused by the move away from Keynesian economics in 1979 to a free operation of the market (Sumo, 2009). This meant that government intervention was kept minimal during this time. In an attempt to rescue economies and prevent complete market allure, governments have resorted to large fiscal stimulus plans. Sumo (2009) states that governments, such the United States of America, have had fiscal stimuli as large as $878 billion in an attempt to rescue the economy. This example illustrates that government intervention may be needed to create efficiency in an economy. As discussed throughout this paper, the utilitarian argument for capitalism states that the greatest good for the greatest number of people will be achieved through the concept of an invisible hand leading the market to social efficiency and equilibrium.

Roles of Heinrich Schliemann in Trojan War and Modern Archaeology Essay

Roles of Heinrich Schliemann in Trojan War and Modern Archaeology - Essay Example However, due to his determination and enthusiasm, he made many significant discoveries. Heinrich never attended university, but was a self-made person whose believe in historical reality of the myths about the Trojan War transformed the nature of his believes. Having harnessed huge amounts of wealth from gold rush in California as well dining with the president, this great man travelled the world a lot. His conversance with thirteen good languages acted as an added advantage in his work. With this zeal and passion for archeology, Heinrich presented a fictional place called the Trojan empire, which remained fictional until he discovered it. His work provided a base of archeology since he wrote and left documentaries. Upon reading Iliad and Odyssey both written by Homer, Heinrich with the help of these readings, found the ruins of Troy. This paper will seek to establish and discuss his roles in the Trojan War in conjunction with the modern archeology (Nickel 56). Backgrounds that broug ht Schliemann to antiquity The steps of Ulysses Studies document that, Heinrich’s retirement date ranges between 1858 and 1863. This period is significant according to this paper since he handed tools down in order to concentrate in his wish for finding Troy. In the midst of 1860s, Heinrich enrolled at the Sorbonne and focused on faculty of Antiquity and Oriental Language in Paris in order to further his knowledge. His archaeological part of life commences in Small Island in the Ionian Sea called Ithaca where this was of capital importance in Homeric myth. Many writers put down this place believing that it was Ulysses’ dwelling location prior and after Heinrich’s Trojan adventures (Wood 75). In spite of the idea that the existing landscape holds no record of how Homer described this place, Heinrich’s claims show that he found some significant sites from the Odyssey in this location. His retirement acted as part of the backgrounds that brought Heinrich to antiquity. Hisarlik Since he seemed a different man who could not settle for calmness and enjoyment and live an eventless life, Heinrich disserted retirement and the short-lived Ithaca satisfaction and intensified his search for more archeological discoveries. At this point, he joined forces with Frank Calvert who had prior excavations from the Hissarlik site. Having seen Charles McLaren’s identity of 1822, Heinrich became sure that this was the Troy’s former location. Backing his claim are tourists Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great who already expressed belief that this place was the Trojan’s War site (Wood 101). This is because, besides being located alongside both of the Dardanelles and Aegean Sea, this place depicted close resemblance to the description given by Homer. His cognitive deposition with finding Troy was also part of the type of background that led to his antiquity. The Priam’s treasure After they fell out, Heinrich’s counterpart Calvert argued that, the former’s claim regarding discovering Troy could be just mere hopes and imagination as opposed to either scientific or historical facts. However, filled with suspense Heinrich disregarded such arguments and continued to dig and take every single discovery or finding as proof that he actually did excavate Paris city. For example, when he discovered some precious artifacts including a stack of gold in May 1873, he alleged that it was the treasure

Reading and answer questions 7 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading and answer questions 7 - Assignment Example In the developing world, the media has been instrumental in channeling the pervasive social and political disparities, as seen in the Indonesian case. The ban of press influence in the 1990s was a political move directed towards incapacitating the medias role in addressing the formidable autocratic system that was paralyzing the sectors of the economy (49). The media was a conduit addressing massive corruption, impunity, and aggression to the media apparatus by the system, in an effort to suppress their growing authority. The importance of press goes beyond a conduit of information or a catalyst for action (54). The media retains a central role in preserving and writing history; in the contemporary world, the journalists are faced with channeling information that has led to revolutions that have corrected social and political ills, as seen in Indonesia after the ban on Tempo newspaper (57). The press is a particular kind of history agent: it has led to several special moments in Malaysia, the Arab world (the recent Arab Revolution), and the political tectonic shifts in the U.K. (Secessionist Politics) that has revolutionized modern politics. Currently, the historical role has been fossilized in the names of newspapers like Times Newspapers, Voice of People, and People’s Thought, among many other globally (58). The juxtaposition of the Danish Cartoon and the Indonesian press evolution sprouts several questions about the authority of the press, and whether it is morally justifiable for the government to stem its operations. The Danish cartoon was seen as an insult to the Islamic religion, and in effect spawned widespread protests among the believers. However, the cartoonist and the media house had a different opinion: the imagery was a manifestation of freedom of expression (59). The scene breeds the question: why was the media defense so evasive and persuasive to the European audience and not others? The imagery

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journal - Essay Example Despite years have passed since the Cold War ended, the hidden ambivalence and suspicions between the two world powers remain. The Russian conflict in Chechnya has been denounced vocally by the US, while its president, former KGB officer Vladimir Putin, has been viewed with suspicion due to his hard-hand methods. However, the world being under the threat of global terrorism, the United States would be willing to overlook those matters for much more pressing concerns. Given Russia's cooperation so far in the U.S. war in Afghanistan, including its sharing intelligence about al-Qaeda and the Taliban, Bush is apt to comply (James Carney, Our New Best Friend, time.com). Russian support to the American global war against terrorism would be looked with both the Russians and the Americans looking at the advantages of such agreements. The Americans gain better assets in their campaign while the Russians gain better favor and image in the eyes of the Western world. Source cited Carney, J. â₠¬Å"Our New Best Friend?† Time Magazine. 12 Nov 2012. Web. 27 May 2002. World Politics Journal Entry 2 Issue: Military Intervention In the year 2008, the Georgian-South Ossetian War broke-out with Georgian forces breaking through the South Ossetian border while the two regions exchanged fierce artillery firing. The involvement of Russia in this conflict caught the world’s attention more closely. For one, South Ossetia is considered to be one of the sub-republics of the Russian Federation. Any attack on a territory under the Russian Federation would lead to a very forceful reprisal. This, unfortunately, happened to the Georgians who faced a terrific defeat by Russian forces. A year afterwards, ready, and waiting. Georgia and Russia have traded increasingly belligerent accusations against the other as the anniversary of last year's five-day war has approached in recent weeks; these soldiers, sent by Moscow to guard the breakaway republic of South Ossetia, are on the front line of that war of words (John Wendle, A Year After War, S.Ossetia More Dependent on Russia, time.com). As the region of South Ossetia still reels and remembers from the attack made by the Georgians, it is only logical for South Ossetia to look on to Russia for aid. The Russians also see this as a matter and opportunity that they cannot let slide. It has been the goal of Russian leader Vladimir Putin, and also noticed by the rest of the world powers, to expand Russian influence towards the territories it once held during the Cold War. This could be seen as Russia’s attempt to restore its Cold War era status as a superpower in par with its Western rivals such as the United States. Source Cited Wendle, J. â€Å"A Year After War, S.Ossetia More Dependent on Russia†. Time Magazine. 12 Nov 2012. Web. 10 Aug 2009. World Politics Journal 3 Issue: Military Rearmament During the Cold War, the United States considered the former Soviet Russia as such a powerful force to reckon with that it led to a full-scale arms race. By the end of the Cold War, however, Russia lost due to not having the sufficient economy to support its staggering military expenditure. It did not help either that the first administration of the Russian Federation under the late President Boris Yeltsin was rampant with corruption and inflation. The Russian military at this time was at a point of slow decline. Come the term of the new Russian leader Vl

Recommendations Report for the Monsanto Company Analysis of Social responsibility

Recommendations Report for the Monsanto Company Analysis of Social responsibility The increases of food production in a growing globalize demand with limitations of natural resources and global climate change has become a huge problem in every part of the world. Monsanto believes they have an answer to this problem: Grow more food with fewer seeds. This provides the necessary balance to double the worlds food production by 2050, which is what the United Nations predicts, will be necessary. This could be the solution to resolving the worlds food needs in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner. Biotechnology could be used to support an agricultural system based on the principles of ecology, stability, and sustainability. It appears to offer the necessary means to diminish the environmental pressure of industrial agriculture. Monsantos involvement in Keystone Alliance Project for sustainable agriculture is a step ahead to achieve long term, permanent improvement in sustainable agriculture production. Monsanto and other companies joined together to bring a solution for improving the ability to feed future generations. Despite Monsantos advances in biotechnology, corporate social programs and alliances the company has done little to change consumer opinions of the company and the acceptance of the GMOs. Examples of this are a marketing strategy that ties Roundup to Monsantos genetically engineered products. Monsantos opposition to seed saving by farmers, followed by a heavy enforcement of intellectual property rights and an opposition to the labeling regulations of genetically engineered crops. Monsanto thinks it will stigmatize the product and possibly raise more consumer concerns. Yet Monsantos objection to food labeling raises a conflict with the very notion that GMOs would eventually be more desirable than traditional crops. As a result, not only did Monsantos actions hold back its growth potential, they also hurt present day markets by eventually undermining public confidence. Monsanto has not demonstrated a willingness to listen to these concerns. From a sustainability perspective, its biotech based strategy does not address poverty and food access issues. It fails to differentiate between the developed and developing worlds. This calls into question the sincerity of its feed the world mission. Genetically engineered western commodity crops were Monsantos first products, which were completely inappropriate for developing countries. Introduction Today consumers are very aware with what companies are selling, promoting and marketing. Whats more, in todays information rich society most consumers are aware of how corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs can  impact the bottom line.   As a result of this social awareness and a down economy, companies are starting to prove the value of their products and services to consumers. One of the main reasons of CSR awareness was the  proliferation of social media tools that result in an increased consumer activism. Consumers are now rapidly sharing online to both praise and attack companies. As a result, firms started a new trend where they are looking to effectively communicate and rally stakeholders around their shared values. Monsanto, the world leader on sustainable agriculture has been working and implementing a development on corporate social responsibility. Implementing biotechnology to aid hunger and malnutrition world problems, as well as programs like Baechell-Borlaug International Program, the Keystone Alliance for sustainable agriculture, the Mississippi River Basin, and voluntarism on the communities where business operates.  [1]   But despite all of its technological advances, programs and implementations Monsanto is under the gun on a number of different issues. The public has not responded positively to Monsantos efforts; fail to provide reliable information and proof safety for consumer acceptance to support GM food. Many activists questioned the firms use of science saying it creates foods that threaten the health of both people and the planet, and the use of intellectual property laws to squeeze every last penny out of the worlds poor. Also Monsanto has not show willingness to listen to this environmental and health concerns. To gain publics trust Monsanto has to improve their business integrity, ethics, and be more transparent and truthful about the scientific information on the biotechnological products to give the consumer confidence of GM foods. Also the company needs to change position from being opposed to labeling foods that are GMOs. Strengths Overview Biotechnology Monsantos biotechnology appears to offer the necessary means to diminish the environmental pressure of industrial agriculture. The use of herbicides, pesticides, and other agricultural inputs can be significantly decreased, and the ability to grow crops in poor-quality soils and drought areas could prevent deforestation and the alteration of sensitive lands to agriculture. Monsantos biotechnological sustainability, offers a way to improve the ecological efficiency of agriculture by reducing inputs (herbicides, pesticides) and increasing resource efficiency.  [2]  Yet, the environment is but one consideration in the transition to sustainable agriculture. And although biotechnology may indeed prove to be a necessary tool for achieving agricultural sustainability, by no means is it sufficient. Robert Shapiros (Ex-Monsantos CEO) strategy was based on the belief that biotechnology and the life sciences were the solution to resolving the worlds food needs in an environmentally and soci ally sustainable manner.  [3]   Commitment to Sustainable Yield The increase of food production in a growing globalized demand with limitations of natural resources and global climate change is the companys commitment to sustainability. The companys three strategies to meet these challenges are: 1) By the year 2050 the need for more food production will have to double to meet the demands of a growing population. The Companys commitment is to produce more yields by helping farmers to double their crops by 2030.  [4]   2) Reduction of agricultural resource by one third per unit of output by 2030.The Companys seeds products are design to require less water, land and energy resources to conserve more resources by minimizing soil loss and greenhouse emissions. 3) Improve farmers lives and income growth through modern biotechnological agricultural technology. Beachell-Bourlaug International Scholars Program The objective of this program is to educate rice and wheat plant breeders who can serve as future agricultural leaders. The yields of wheat and rice have grown at a compound rate of about 0.8 percent over the past decade and the population has grown about 1.25 during the same period. Monsanto has come up with this program to overcome these challenges and to meet the growing demand of food. The Company pledged 10 million dollars to improve yields in these crops as part of the Companys commitment to sustainability agriculture. The program provides full support to students seeking a PhD in rice or wheat plant breeding. The program includes tuition, insurance, research fees and travel.  [5]   The Mississippi River Basin This initiative is focused on reducing nutrient and sediment movement into the United States largest river system, the Mississippi River. For this project, Monsanto is partnering with The Nature Conservancy, the Iowa Soybean Association, Delta Wildlife and National Audubon Society. The company has committed more than $ 5 million to this conservation project for the Mississippi River and agricultural landscapes, in which farmers can produce higher yield crops, fiber and fuel in ways that further preserve water quality as well as support diverse and abundant wildlife populations.  [6]   In the future, crop producers are expected to have additional on farm tools that can enhance their environmental stewardship efforts. And this project is one of many contributing to this end. Field to Market: The Keystone Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture With experts saying that we have to double food production by 2050 to meet the needs of a population projected to grow to 9 billion, the world has two choices: we need to either make each acre of farmland twice as productive, or use twice as many acres. Option two inevitably requires deforestation which can lead to habitat loss and many other environmental problems. Monsanto got involved in Keystone Alliance Project for sustainable agriculture, a nonprofit organization along with 30 other organizations, including food companies and Environmental Non-government, Private and International Organizations committed to achieve long term, permanent improvement in sustainable agriculture production. Monsanto and these other companies joined together to bring a solution for improving the ability to feed future generations. This is to be done by increasing agricultural production while decreasing environmental impact.  [7]   Investing in Communities Monsanto established the Monsanto Fund in 1964 as the charitable division of the company. It states that our philanthropic goal has been to bridge the gap between peoples needs and their available resources. We want to help people realize their dreams, and hopefully inspire them to enroll others in their vision.  [8]   Monsantos commitment to give back to communities where business is operated has been done through the creation of the Monsanto Fund which has awarded $13.9 million in grants for nutrition, education, environmental and community programs. Monsanto has awarded United Way with $ 1.1 million. Monsanto has also Monsanto Fund Matching Gifts Program. This program gives permanent Monsanto employees and active members of the Monsanto Board of Directors an opportunity to join Monsanto Funds support of not-for-profit institutions.  [9]   Monsantos philanthropic activities are meant to not only improve its image, but also provide key relationships. It understands better than anyone that relationships, partnerships and network are the key for success of the company. Weaknesses Overview Consumer Acceptance Many factors point to believe that Monsantos head position in the biotechnological industry race is going to collapse along with the publics support for GMOs. Financially, Monsanto has depleted a considerable amount of resources during its acquisition phase and has accumulated significant debt. Its designation as a biotech firm and the increased dependency on Roundup is forcing the company to rapid sales growth of its biotech products, perhaps too rapid for the publics comfort. With the growing disapproval, started in part by the mad cow disease alert and the subsequent doubts of regulatory bodies, raised doubt about the possibility of continued consumer acceptance. Monsantos choice of electing to pursue biotech products first, has contributed little to consumer acceptance of the GMOs; there is no perceptible benefit for the consumer. Also its marketing strategy at best, are only tolerated by the farmers. In addition, the environmental and human health concerns seemed suitable, and M onsanto has not demonstrated a willingness to listen to these concerns. From a sustainability perspective, its biotech based strategy do not address poverty and food access issues and fails to differentiate between the developed and developing worlds, therefore calling into question the sincerity of its feed the world mission.  [10]  Genetically engineered western commodity crops were Monsantos first products, crops wholly inappropriate for developing countries. Food Labeling Monsanto fears that GMO labeling would stigmatize the product and possibly raise additional consumer concerns, consequently preventing or slowing acceptance of GMOs technologies. Yet Monsantos objection to labeling is in conflict with the very notion that GMOs would eventually be more desirable than traditional crops. Once GMOs products entered the market, farmers would attract additional value only if an infrastructure existed for segregating GMOs crops and preserving their identity throughout the supply chain. From a midterm perspective (3-5 years), it would have been advantageous for Monsanto to support labeling requirements and to facilitate creation of an identity preserving infrastructure. As a result, not only did Monsantos actions hold back its growth potential, they also injured present day markets by ultimately undermining public confidence.  [11]   One- Size-Fits-All Strategy Although Monsanto declared an intention to meet the worlds food and fiber needs, its initial GMOs technologies is directed to western markets and commodity crops. There are many inconsistencies with Monsantos planning as a one-size-fits-all strategy with respect to developed and the developing countries. For example rice, sweet potatoes, cassava, and yams were the principal crops of developing countries, not corn, cotton, and soybeans.  [12]  In addition, Monsantos patenting of life forms and intellectual property right protection policy is seen by some as indignation to the thousand year old cultural and seed saving traditions of many of the developing countries. Developing countries, a majority of whose populations participated in the agricultural sector, often at a minimal level, more and more are looking upon Monsanto and other multinational agricultural firms as profit motivated corporate entities whose products would displace the small holder farmer  [13]  . The rapid consolidation of the seed sector, the integration of the agricultural supply chain, and the patenting of genetic inventions by Monsanto reinforced the notion of corporate domination. Consequently, by failing to differentiate between the needs of the minimal level economies to those already mature. Monsanto is hurting its global sustainability campaign and is alienating many in the developing countries. In the end, Monsanto overpromised and under delivered on its global sustainability vision, a fact that is not going unnoticed by NGOs and consumers worldwide. Recommendations Consumer Strategy When people are not treated with fairness and honesty and respect for their right to make their own decisions, there is little risk communication can do to keep them (the public) from raising hell regardless of the extent of the hazard.  [14]   Talking to the public is not the problem; listening to the public is. Monsanto essentially views the opposition as arising from consumer ignorance and, consequently, the attempt to diminish it with a supposedly effective advertising campaign, is failing miserably. Monsanto is doing little to understand the concerns of consumers upset by GMOs concerns and skeptical of science-based declarations of safety. The company does not address cultural sensitivities toward food and farmland. In the end, Monsantos relentless persistence on scientific data and ignore public perceptions is provoking even further outrage. An approach that Monsanto should follow is a process called Six Sigma which begins with listening to public to determine the strongest quality issues on Monsantos products and how that can be changed to benefit the consumer and the company yielding more profit. Following this approach, everyone wins. Consumers will benefit from safe and better products while feeling that their needs are being taken seriously and their business is valued. Monsanto would be happy because their products will gain from new innovation and improved value. Also, the company will gain loyalty and credibility through this social responsibility. The object of this system is to gain a deep understanding of consumers, in order to give them what they want. All the advertising and marketing in the world wont make up for failures on these key strategic elements. This can also be applied on the human resources policies that must support this customer focus: if the company wants happy customers, first get a content staff. Transparency Replacing secrecy and protection of proprietary information, for transparency and stakeholder commitment will likely hold the keys to success in the future. Transparency basically means taking the firewall down and reveal everything about the products from research, biological and chemical technological process and tests so that consumers can be better informed and make decisions about the products they consume. It will also lead to integrity of the company. Basically sharing information openly will welcome ideas and innovations from every angle. By analytically measuring and reporting the sustainability, Monsanto will engage everyone from employees to consumers to critics in the process of building a truthfully sustainable company. But unfortunately Monsantos checkered history as a chemical manufacturer offers the public little assurance about the accuracy and validity of the company pronouncements. The company manufactured virtually all the PCBs in the United States until they were finally banned in 1976, and taxpayers are still shelling out to clean up PCB-riddled waste sites. Monsanto also manufactured Agent Orange, which is linked to cancer and reproductive problems in Vietnam War vets. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, Monsanto is a potentially responsible party.  [15]   Better Strategies Model Monsanto needs to create a balance multi modal strategy to succeed in the development of sustainability. The four strategy process is: rational, symbolic, transactive, and generative. The symbolic mode involves managements creation of a convincing vision and clear corporate responsibilities mission. The rational mode relies heavily on strategic planning and reporting systems: For example corporate responsibilities and accountability based on performance. The transactive mode is based on interaction and learning; its center is communication across organizational boundaries. And the generative mode depends on organizational members is the entrepreneurial behavior. Sustainable development became a core aspect of Shapiros vision, and the strategy making process came to be dominated by the symbolic mode. Monsanto needs to build up and set up a balanced multimodal strategy-making process. The symbolic mode dominates all others. A better balance of strategic processes may help the company avoid the problems it has encountered in the past. Open connection between the rational mode and the symbolic vision of sustainability might have overcome some of Monsantos problems of inconsistency. Conclusions: Monsantos biotechnology may be the solution for the necessary means to diminish the environmental pressure of industrial agriculture. But even that biotechnology may indeed prove to be a necessary tool for achieving agricultural sustainability by no means is sufficient. Even Monsanto has taken the rights steps to be socially responsible. By increasing sustainability yield, developing ecological and educational programs, aid and tools for farmers and the participation in communities. Regardless of these efforts the company still has a lot to work on, like being more conscious about the consumers, transparency and business strategies.